The Duties Of A Secretary :: essays research papers

The Duties of A Secretary     When we enter a law office the number 1 individual we meet is the effective secretarial assistant. She is the one withe obligation for the correspondence, records,and new(prenominal) affairs of a.law office. The word escritoire reflects its Latin rootsecretum (secret), which originally referred to a person who acted as aconfidant, and handled matters of a private nature for his principal. Theexecutive position or executive secretary is one of major responsibility inbusiness or government.     First responsibility of a ratified secretary each day is open, read, andnote all mail acquire that day. It is Important in a law office. The mailoften includes legitimate documents crucial to a certain case that day. She must be well-known(prenominal) with all standard forms used in the office. Affidavits, bills of sale,deeds, leases, mortgages, powers of attorney, propositions, and wills.     Tape Shorthand conjecture means the writing down of dictation from anemployer, and then transcribing the material onto sheets with the forethought ofearphones and computer. every(prenominal) secretary is call for to have a skill fixity of 80WPM before graduating, also when taking the civil go exan. In some officesthe dictation is seized by one secretary era the typing is completed byanother. Usually larger offices hire shop assistant typist. It is important thatsecretaries are cap adequate of reading each others shorthand notes.     Every legal secretary builds with computers, duplicators, stencilmachines, but the dictaphone is usually the close frequently utilized.Information must be transcribed quickly, and accurately in attractive form.     Filing systems are important to whatsoever secretary. The files at any officemust be maintained in perfect order, so that any file may be located promptly byany person authorized to use the files. General secretaries often work insidean organization where company records are maintained by picky file clerksinside a central filing room, but the secretary may still remain responsible forall the filing.     A secretary must learn the rules of four basic filing systems. Thealphabetic, subject, geographic, and numeric systems. similarly the vertical files,card files, and open shelf files. Files for audimated data pocessing arerequired by many firms.     Two remaining basic skills of general and legal secretaries areReceptionist, trained to meet and route visitors, customers, salesmen, andhandle nuisance calls. They appeal all visiters with the red carpet treatmentby treating them with royalty.     The well-trained secretary who is able to accept responsibilies who isable to relieve her employer of many management duties is a received valuableemployee to any company.     I studied the secretarial co urse at BOCES for two years. I understandthe responsibilities of a secretary.

Jade Peony

Belonging When someone is said to be Canadian, it does non unspoilt mean being one who brave outs on this footing, or has prevaild on this land long enough to obtain this citizenship, it fashion living the Canadian life, it means waking up in the morning wearing a gross ton of layers and going outside in the acquitzing c gray-haired to do whatsoever a mortal needs to do during the day, to be Canadian it too means to belong. Canada is kn accept for the diversity of culture, religion, color, and beliefs, as soundly as our big businessman to be able to create a status acceptable to whatsoeverone, making Canada, despite our individual diversity and differences, to be united as one.However, what we hold outt realize is that Canada has not always been this way this is the horizon that Wayson Choy expresses by dint of his novel The Jade Peony. His text and word play emphasizes on a valet de chambre so unknown, yet so important to not only our history, hardly to our under standing of what our ancestors of our various ethnic origins fought through every day of their lives to create the world in which every day we work for granted.Where he lays his emphasis on our history is not from the point of mountain of the adult, solely through the eyes of the children who, today, be our fathers and grandfathers. Divided into three study chapters, Wayson Choy begins the narration of his history through the eyes of Jook-Laing, a five grade old beautiful girl of Chinese origin born in Canada after her family immigrated to Canada. Isolation is slowly starting to become a major(ip) theme in the novel, not only created by the Canadian Government, but by her very own family.The Canadian Government in the 1940s, the beat period the novel takes place, created harsh laws against immigrants, making it near impossible to live happily one was never to leave the household, as immigrants must live within the same household even when one becomes married, as well as harsh laws on illness, where, if one were to become sick with any illness- even as innocent as a cold- if the government fix out, The Vancouver Health Inspection Board posted on our front door, a sign boldly visible from the street condemned (p. 32).However, Jook-Laings familys old heritage and Chinese beliefs create the deepest isolation as they shun the idea of traditional Canadian society, where Poh-Poh, elder and Jook-Laings Grandmother, describes this life as poison to upstart China girl-child (p. 17). Jook-Laings young and highly dream-filled spirit inspires her to dream of the perfect world- a perfect world she never gives up on as play and her movie-star daydreams (p. 37) have caused her stub to grow and know that, deep, inside, Canada is a better place than China, no social function what Poh-Poh says to her about her heritage.However, despite her strong instinct, conflict arises as person versus person/society is introduced when her powerful instinct and her Grandmothers word s You not Canada. You never Canada. You China. of all time war in China (p. 37) make her isolated from becoming her own person and trapping her in a world she knows is not avowedly to her heart. As a major authority figure of the household, Poh-Poh is never rectify or disagreed with, causing Jook-Laing to feel alone in her internal bout between what she is told and her faith in Canada.Further, Jook-Laing, along with her other two step-brothers, are strongly looked down upon by their strict, old heritage grandmother, who constantly reminds them of her feelings towards them This inutile only-granddaughter wants to be Shirlee Tem-po-lah the useless Second Grandson wants to be cow-boy-lah. The First Grandson wants to be Charlie Chan. all stupid foolish (p. 40). With Poh-Pohs interrogance towards her grandchildrens play, it creates further isolation from the norm of society and themselves, along with isolation from their desire to be a child.Despite her Grandmother author to shape the role of the antagonist of the story, Jook-Laing makes a deep connection with an old family friend, Mau-lauh Bak, who not only understands the importance of play, but embraces and cherishes Jook-Laing for her ability to be free in a world so sour towards them. that connects Jook-Laing to the theme of belonging. The blurb part of the story speaks about Jung-Sum, the kid who was adopted due to the position that his parents have died from a young age I TAKE perplexity OF MY SELF (p. 2). Jung also starts off in the novel isolation for as he doesnt want his new family to take care of him. merely Jung started to box and that is where he found a sense of belonging. Sek- Lung also overleap into the same isolation theme from Canada and as well from his family, he was in belief that Poh-Poh was still coming to visit after she had died, and the whole family did not believe the fact, thats when Sekky fell into the same pattern of isolation.But it was Sekky that had the intimately sens e of belonging to Canada towards the end of the book, because Canada is a multicultural community at that place is all kinds of races that live in this great country, and Sekky was a big hater of the Japanese I have to remember they are the enemy (p. 189) but when he meets Meiying, and she introduces him to Kaz her Japanese boyfriend, he gets to like him. This shows that the world revolves around hate but once you get to know people, a persons perspective might change. Sekky finally found his belonging in Canada.

10 Mary Street and Neighbours

Ten10 bloody shame passage by Peter Skrzynecki and Neighbours by Tim Winton both contain elements that contribute to a palpate of belonging. In 10 Mary Street, their connection to their house is formal with the nurturing of their garden. A simile is used tended roses and camellias like adopted children to stress this sloshed connection to their garden and their immense allot towards it. Peter gains pleasure and fulfilment from his garden and this enables his attachment to his home to grow.The personification of the house with its china blue coat gives a mind of security and warmth to the house, foreground its signifi chamberpotce in terms of their belonging. In the forth stanza, it is evident that the family has launch connections with people of similar cultural background, where a sense of familiarity is provided. They have a strong connection with their past and through the use of listing, Peter demonstrates the motley memories and reciprocal values that they share.Th e embracing gestures evokes a sense of relief and reassurance with this circumstance community. This reveals the strong connection that the family has with their house. Neighbours by Peter Skrzynecki presents us with the idea that customary interests can bring people together. In the beginning, the hotlyweds move into a juvenile environment and experience a cultural barrier. The simile it made the new-madely-weds expression like sojourners in a foreign land indicates that they are outsiders and do not yet have a sense of belonging.This is reinforced through the short sentence structure the street was full of European migrants which demonstrates how they pick out little about their neighbours and have no connection established. This is similar to 10 Mary Street, where a cultural barrier must too be overcome in order to create a sense of belonging. However, after some time, the newlyweds begin to tolerate their neighbours behaviour and adjust to their new environment. The use of alliteration big wo composition with black eyes and butchers blazon gave her a bagful of garlic cloves to plant indicate their growing knowledge with their neighbours.Listing is used to emphasise this new connection and understanding of their neighbours culture, in the spring the Macedonian family showed them how to slaughter and to pluck and to dress. by means of these common interests they are able to establish friendships and no longer sprightliness the cultural barrier. While Neighbours presents the idea that a connection to the community can bring a sense of belonging, 10 Mary Street differs, and no real sense of belonging is established.The newlyweds are able to feel belonged out-of-pocket to their new connection with the community, as shown in the final paragraph, On the Macedonian side of the fence, a small queue of bleary faces looked up, cheering, and the young man began to weep. Through this emotive language, it is evident that the newlyweds have established sur e connections with their neighbours, as the neighbours are eagerly waiting to show their support and care towards the newlyweds new family member. The verbs used, cooked dinners for his wife and listened to her stories indicate their increased comfort and ease in this new lifestyle.In contrast to this, 10 Mary Street does not display any sense of belonging to their new country. In the forth stanza, it is clear that the family has remained in their comfort zone, with strong connections held with their past lifestyle, sort of than their new one. Through the listing of various memories and common values held with their onetime(a) culture, it is demonstrated that they have not yet created a connection with their new country. In the final stanza, the family is described as being inheritors of a let on thatll open no house when this one is pulled down.This can be seen as a representation of their inability to access the broader society, despite having their strong connection to their h ouse. Diverse ideas are presented in the texts and convey different aspects of belonging. In both texts 10 Mary Street and Neighbours, different elements are presented to us in order to establish their sense of belonging. Neighbours explores the element of finding common interests within their community to establish a connection, while 10 Mary Street finds this connection through their strong bond with their home and garden.

Analysis of “You may turn over and begin” by Simon Armitage

You may overturn over and begin is an inside monologue of a person who is sitting an testing, ostensibly on the vanquish of General Studies. The title itself lends itself well to this theme as you may turn over and begin are the words an exam invigilator says as an exam begins. The poesy follows the conceits of the speaker who may or may not be Armitage himself as he sits the exam whilst musing over exam questions and opposite things that enter the speakers vox populis when he has finished the paper.The primary line of the poetry could be said to be the title itself as it directly links to the for the first time line of the main body of the rime. While the title is said by nearlyone else the remainder of the poem is the thoughts of the speaker, the fact that it is someones thoughts is reinforced by the seemingly ergodic train of thought and the subjects themselves which are individualized in nature- i.e. the speakers thoughts on milk white breasts and virginity in line s 12 and 13. The questions themselves are not representative of a general studies exam and are seemingly random, very much give care thought processes often are, though reference to the decameron could be linked to the boyish and hormonal thoughts of lines 12 and 13. Armitages reputation for representing and under brooking youth culture is highlighted by his reference to the general studies exam as ..a doddle, a cinch for anyone with an troy ounce of common sense in lines 6 and 7. This concept of general studies rest line up today bit the speakers insight on the determination of a calculator with a memory feature to cheat shows the writers comprehension of such things.Lines 10 and 11 reinforce the idea of general studies beingness an vapid exam as the speaker neglects to check the work, instead choosing to let the melodic theme wander. The next few couplets reflect on the injustice of male person/ womanish relations at that age whereby the boys are in a delirious hormo nal state bit the girls remain untouchable long and nervelessout of reach. Use of imagery is evident as identify of the the heat in line 14 points to enforced sexual repression on the part of men that age, while long and cool like cocktails indicates the heightened adulthood of women (though referred to as girls by the speaker) at that age. There is further imagery shown by the lines describing their buns and pigtails only let out for previous(a) guys which makes the link in the midst of the exertion of control evident in those hairstyles, which in turn is relaxed for older men. This is a metaphorical representation of sexual control.As is common with thought patterns the subject suddenly changes in line 20 where the speaker reminisces on an occasion when the cold control of young girls is lost as a jot of consolation. The following couplets detail a comical bunk which dispels some of the faade the speaker has built up about teenage girls. Lines 24-27 detail the girl primpin g herself but 28 and 29 describe of the motorbike pulling away, it is a typical of a story which would shell out around a college and the speaker reinforces this in line 30, referring to it as a rumour. The final line answers the first question posed by the exam paper and once again follows the theme of random thoughts as the answer just pops up, much as it would into ones mind. It may also be noted of this poem that, due to strong allusions to the fact, that it is Armitage or at least(prenominal) a male who is writing this, though in that respect are no specific mentions of the speakers sexuality, merely referring to his/herself in the first person I.The grammatical construction of the poem is both random and yet structured. The lines are set out in 16 couplets (possibly a connection to the age of the speaker at time). enjambement is evident in how the lines straddle separate couplets which connotes the theme of random thoughts without structure or regulated progress. The qua ntity itself also reflects this with a seemingly random variance in syllables which reflects the fairly random process of thought. While the volume of the lines within a couplet hold a similar metre (lines 1-2 with a 8 and 9 syllables respectively etc) one couplet that does stand out as breaking that mould that of lines 12 and 13. Line 12 has 14 syllables while 13 has 4 with virginity. The separation of the word from the others and position it on its own both represents the importance of the subject to adolescent males while also possibly representing the speakers embarrassment about the subject.The use of couplets serves to create a slow methodical rhythm in the poem. Coupled with this, examples of un disquieted and stressed syllables within the couplet rhyme create a sense of the six-fold choice nature of the paper the speaker is sitting. This is particularly evident in the first and second couplet. The rhythm is fairly structured when read aloud, this is deepen by use of stro ng para-rhyme- e.g. ..specifically/virginity, Honda/amber. The absence of a exact rhyme scheme or metre is in keeping with the disorganized nature of the thoughts of a person, though it must be noted that there is some structure to the poem as there is in some sections of the monologue of the speaker. An example of this is line 20 One jot of consolation which seems an unlikely sentence to actually think, though it does serve to create a division in the speakers thoughts on lusting after girls from the story about the lank girl riding pillion.Armitage is very much perceived as being of the poetry is the new rock and roll era so it is not affect that much of the vernacular and thoughts are akin to that which people of the college age. As is true of many contemporary poets the use of brands is evident her mans new Honda while much of the lexis, as previously mentioned, is colloquial, I.e. a doddle, a cinch. Particular tutelage is made to the appearance of the girl in lines 24 to 2 7 with pre accommodation evident, her tight jeans which continues the theme of a hormonal teenager lusting after girls.The poem itself is a mixture of teen angst and funniness. We can assume that Armitage writes this poem from personal experience as most men can identify with the thoughts of the speaker, while everyone who has taken the general studies exams will identify with the speakers opinion on it as a bit of a waste of time. As a male I can sympathise with the speaker while a pistillate reading this would be, in my opinion, more likely to focus on the comedy aspect of the poem rather than the hormonal maelstrom that is shown in the first half of the poem. While the structure, rhythm and lexis all support the context of the poem it may be said that while the theme of random thought is well presented there are sections which detract from the success of the attempt to procure this theme. This mainly manifests itself in the ordered nature of some of the narration and use of s imile (long and cool like cocktails) which is not a pragmatic thought. Despite this the devices used combine to good effect in this comprehension which is very easy to identify with.

Film Critique: Encoding and Decoding

Banshees and Griffin used the critic on the wholey acclaimed film, The social lion King, as their case study. They decoded that the villainy Is linked to stereotypical traits of male homosexuality. Jamie Blanks encoded mean Into the film. Blanks encoded Ideology of sexuality, class, and culture. Since the film Is In the horror genre, the film might not be taken serious, so It may be seem to gift little to utter about effective human relations and Ideologies. gibe to the cultural studies model, the cultural artifact Storm monition Is the text, Its producer IsJamie Blanks, and the readers are all the tidy sum that have seen the film since its release. Readers who enjoyed the film were most possible using dominant readings of the text, they cheered for the couple that were tormented throughout the movie hoping that they would kick downstairs a fashion to defeat the Three Bears. Yet, whenever there are people that bid aroundthing, there are always critics. The critics of t he film use oppositional readings. For example, some readers may have been bothered that the film traumatized how three men sustenance in the middle of nowhere with a boorish epistyle and negative lift moldiness be monsters or animals.The film brings the idea that these men must be murders and rapist because that is the way they grew up thinking. That is almost as if to say that because many African-American grew up in environments that consist of murders and drugs, that they will all grow up to be murders and drug lords. The film made them a victim of their environment. It shows that people living isolated zones must live like animals and do socially unacceptable things like watch animal pornography and attempt to rape the first female that comes around.Other oppositional that could be stated is that towards the reference of the film, the leading lady, is viewed as very feminine. She seemed to be disgusted by the virile things that her male counterpart was doing, she didnt enj oy the brutality of the killing of the weight nor the murder of the Kangaroo. Later, we see a change In her, showing more than(prenominal) toughness after her boyfriend wasnt doing anything to get them out of this situation as his role says he should. Opposition may view this change as a way of showing that a female doesnt need a man to do oneself them In situation as they have the genial toughness to help themselves.At the same time, It showed that the boyfriend was Indeed the friendly one. Whether it is knowledgeable or non-intentional. Decoding is the viewers interpretation of the meaning. The decoding varies from viewer to viewer establish on individual social and historical upbringing. The manner in which the producers encoded the ca-ca acclaimed film, The Lion King, as their case study. They decoded that the villainy is into the film. Blanks encoded ideology of sexuality, class, and culture. Since the film is in the horror genre, the film might not be taken serious, thu s it may be seem to eave little to say about actual human relations and ideologies.According to the cultural studies model, the cultural artifact Storm Warning is the text, its producer is around. Other oppositional that could be stated is that towards the beginning of by the manly things that her male counterpart was doing, she didnt enjoy the change in her, showing more toughness after her boyfriend wasnt doing anything to change as a way of showing that a female doesnt need a man to help them in situation as they have the mental toughness to help themselves. At the same time, it showed that the boyfriend was indeed the feminine one.

Innovation and Change Management

Companies that successfully enclose similarly successfully manage switch over INNOVATION & ampere CHANGE MANAGEMENT MHN221935-12-A Malgorzata Glowacka S0915718 International Tourism & Hospitality initiative renewing and intensify counseling have been and continues to be an important ingest on a number of take aims. It plays significant part in stinting growth as well as it is vital for firms survival and development. fresh ideas, new approaches and new wares become critical guidelines in organisational strategy, especially for managers and production line leaders. consort to The Boston Consulting Group (2010) employers ranked purpose as a strategic priority with 26% citing it as a top priority and a further 45% ranking it as a top-three priority. Organisations such(prenominal) as Apple or Google adapted this tactic and thanks to their right management of swop, now atomic number 18 recognized as one of the most revolutionizing and roaring companies in the world ( Business Week, 2010). It proves that successfully innovating companies are the winners and they play major intention in industry food market.Therefore, this essay aims to critically evaluate the connection in the midst of transition and dislodge management. The term of innovation is hard to define as it can mean different things for different people. According to Druker (1985) innovation is the unique(predicate) tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit changes as an opportunity. West and Farr (1990) head uped issue that organizational innovation can be characterized as a perceptible product, process or procedure at bottom company and something what is new to the sociable setting within which it is introduced although not necessarily new to the individual introducing it.They also exanimated innovation being more intentional rather than accidental, brinyly aimed at producing benefit to the organization. Traditional categorizations of innovations divide them int o four types (Tidd and Bessant, 2010, Fig1) -product innovation can be a change in the function or feature of a product such as Window Vista replacing XP. This flesh of innovation is intended to improve the function of the bump offering to make gross sales more likely -process innovation is based on transformations in the ship canal products/ services are created and delivered like for e. g. nline banking constitution which allows guests to manage their finance. This cordial of institution introduces new, or significantly improved, method for production or delivery of broad(a)ning that adds value and better performance -position innovation target changes in market or customer base for a product or service. This kind of strategy change meaning of a product in customers eyes like for e. g. four-wheel cars which originally were used for off road work became fashionable family car -paradigm innovations are based on changes in how companies frame what they do for e. . Air Canada (the largest airline of Canada with scheduled and enlist air transport) launched a discount, new low-cost international carrier in Vancouver (The Globe & Mail,2012) Fig 1. Types of innovation. Adapted from Tidd and Bessant, 2010 understructures are often class as either radical or incremental (Gallouj and Weinstein, 1997). Radical innovations are generally based on a big change in development that modifies the competitive market and it may results in new markets and product opportunities.Good example of radical innovation is Apple with their first PC Lisa which had graphical interface. The innovation, despite its limited success, was universally recognised as being off the beaten track(predicate) ahead of the competition and it took years for some of the advanced features of its operating system to be incorporated in competitors operating system (Rayna and Striukova, 2009). An incremental innovation is a term used when there was a minor change to an existing technology like for e. g. in case of Apple and their iPod.MP3 players had been defend in the market before Apple introduced iPod but the company nonoperational succeed because they made better product, which was easier to use, looked more solid and more openhearted compared to other MP3 players (Rayna and Striukova, 2009). organisational change, like innovation, is hard to specify. It can be set forth as any alternation or modification, which occurs in the overall work environs of an organization. Moran and Brightman (2000) defined it as the process of continually renewing an organizations direction, structure, and capabilities to serve the ever-changing invites of external and intimate customers.It tend to focusing on the management of formally planned changes and it is indicating a macro- level approach, which is interested with organisation as a whole (King and Anderson, 2002). Due its complexity, many researchers reason organizational change in different ways, for e. g. Pettigrew (198 7) separated it into strategic and non-strategic change while Goodstein and Warner (1995) divided it into incremental and radical change. However the starting point for discussing variations of change is Grundys (1993) three variations of change. The first, smooth incremental change changes slow in a systematic and predicable way.The second conversion of change Grundy hurt bumpy incremental change. This is characterized by periods of relative calmness break by rushing in the pace of change. Grundys third variety of change is discontinuous change, which he defines as change which is attach by rapid shifts in strategy, structure or culture, or in all three. There are several drivers and models which clarify the need for change. around of them are grouped into external drivers or sexual drivers (Proehl, 2001). external are those forces that are outside the organization, usually it is an economic, political, socio-cultural or technological driver.The internal drivers are those f orces within the organization, which may include finance, limited skill level of employees, changes in leadership etc. Another example, presented by Anderson and Ackerman Anderson (2001) describes seven main drivers of change, which move from what is external (environment, marketplace, organization) to what is internal (culture and people). This model mainly focuses on leaders and management role as they are clearly more alive(predicate) of external domains and thy play the most important part in internal domains.This is their job to implement any changes in culture, behaviour and mind-set within their company and if they will fail in that, the change will also fail. It can be assumed then, that change is about innovation and innovation is about change. Williams (2006) stated that to successfully manage innovation, company need to be good at managing source of innovation and managing innovation during discontinuous and incremental change. Once again Apple is the perfect example of company in effect handling innovation and change at the same time. They do it for e. g. y managing leadership within organization. Tidd and Bessant (2005) noted that leadership strongly influences the success of change and innovation. For Apple the key role in the company played Steve Jobs and his prestidigitator leadership My passion has been to build an enduring company where people were motivate to make neat products. Everything else was secondary. Sure, it was great to make a profit, because that was what allowed you to make great products. But the products, not the profits, were the motivation. Sculley flipped these priorities to where the goal was to make money.Its a sagacious difference, but it ends up meaning everythingthe people you hire, who gets promoted, what you discuss in meetings. Isaacson, 2012 According to Hughes (2006) leading change is keyly about influencing groups and individuals, therefore leaders of change need to understand people. And that is what Jobs c ould do. He understood that customers dont dwell what they want until it is shown to them. He implemented among his employees the desire of perfect design as to him nothing could be further from the meaning of design. Design is a fundamental soul (Isaacson, 2012).To conclude, the concept of innovation and change is fundamental to business success. It is viewed as being extremely important for company survival and future development. Organisations such as Apple can prove the point that companies which successfully innovate also successfully manage change. References Anderson, D. , Ackerman Anderson, L. , 2001. Beyond Change Management groundbreaking Strategies for Todays Transformational Leaders. USA Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer Drucker, P. F. , 1985. Innovation and entrepreneurship practice and principles. new-sprung(prenominal) York Harper Row Gallouj, F. , Weinstein, O. , 1997. Innovation in services.Research Policy 26, 537556 Goodstein, L. D. and Warner, W. , 1995. Creating Successfu l Organization Change. In Managing organisational Change. Warner (ed. ). pp. 7-9. New York American Management Association Grundy, T. , 1993. Implementing Strategic Change. London Kogan Page Harsh, P. , 2011. organizational Change. India Dorling Kindersley Hughes, M. , 2006. Change Management A critical perspective. CIPD. King, N. , Anderson, N. , 2002. Managing Innovation and Change A Critical Guide for Organizations. Singapore Seng Lee Press Isaacson, W. , 2012. The Real leadership Lessons of Steve Jobs. online Available from http//www. atheeqa. com/App_Themes/watheeqa/pdf/The%20Real%20Leadership%20Lessons%20of%20Steve%20Jobs%20-%20HBR%20l%20Apr-2012. pdf Accessed 15th October Moran, J, W. , Brighman, B. K. , 2000. Leading organizational change. In Journal of body of work Learning Employee Counselling Today Vol. 12 (2), pp. 66-74 Pettigrew, A. M. , 1987. Context and action in the transformation of the firm. In Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 24 (6), pp. 64970 Proehl, R. A. , 2001. Organizational Change in the Human Services. USA Sage Publications Ltd. Rainey, D. LA. , 2005. Product Innovation Leading Change through Integrated Product Development.UK Cambridge Rayna, T. , Striukova, L. , 2009. The curse of the first-mover when incremental innovation leads to radical change. In Int. J. Collaborative Enterprise, Vol. 1(1) The Globe and Mail. Air Canada shuffles small-plane fleet, adds wide body jets. online Available from http//www. theglobeandmail. com/globe-investor/air-canada-shuffles-small-plane-fleet-adds-widebody-jets/article4580211 Accessed 15th October 2012 Tidd, J. , Bessant, J. , 2011. Managing Innovation Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change. England John Wiley Sons Ltd. The Boston Consulting Group, 2010.Innovation 2010. A Return to Prominence and the Emergence of a New World Order. online Available from http//tobiaslist. files. wordpress. com/2010/06/innovation-2010-bcg. pdf Accessed 15th October 2012 The Business Week, 2010. The 50 Most Innovative Companies 2010. online Available from http//www. businessweek. com/interactive_reports/innovative_companies_2010. html Accesses 15th October 2012 West, M. A. and Farr, J. L. , 1990. Innovation at work. In Innovation and Creativity at Work Psychological and Organizational Strategies. UK Chichster Williams, Ch. , 2006. Management. Canada Thomson South-Western

Character Study Of William Shakespeares Hamlet English Literature Essay

When talking to Polonius ( Excerpt 1 ) , Ophelia ab let out becomes dense. Although she expresses herself, she does so in an highly laden manner. When asked about villages stamps, Ophelia responds by stating that she doesnt know what to believe. This is an unfastened invitation to Polonius to determine her sentiments in any manner possible. create of this is in Polonius response Marry, I ll learn you believe yourself a sis By stating this, Polonius wants to pull strings Ophelia. A babe is frequently portrayed as guiltless, un-knowing, fleeceable, and easy influenced. Babies besides absorb about anything they are shown or told, and reiterate these things about precisely the manner they were presented. This is precisely how Ophelia is she is dumbed down in her alliance with her antheral parent. She becomes a topic of his, a figure to achieve his prevail. This is non the hardly relationship where Ophelia is pushed around.Ophelias relationship with Claudius is even worse than h er relationship with Polonius. Although Polonius uses Ophelia for upkeep in his Acts of the Apostless of espionage, Claudius uses Ophelia in even much than evil commands, such as messing with hamlets bosom. In Excerpt 2, Ophelia is in the state of affairs where she must deny Hamlet to see his response. This thought was largely formulated by the queen to happen the jump of Hamlets evident insanity. The male monarch, in an attempt to commune more stableness to his life, wants Hamlet to go stable as good. Because of this, he is willing to give the relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia to heighten his personal state of affairs. Claudius asks Ophelia to return Hamlets letters. Ophelia has no pick by to follow and as a consequence destroys her relationship with Hamlet.The promote relationship with Ophelia is similar to the Kings relationship with Ophelia. The fag is in a genuinely commanding relationship ( as seen in Excerpt 2 ) ( Madam I wish it whitethorn ) with Ophelia. B ut, it is for a different ground. The King controls Ophelia as a device to inlet his ain state of affairs. The Queen utilizations Ophelia to bring out the jobs with Hamlet ( out of echt attention for Hamlet ) . But, the Queen is highly nescient and fails to separate that her actions are really aching Hamlet more.The most(prenominal) interesting and most cryptic relationship is the connexion between Hamlet and Ophelia. Near the beginning of the drama, Ophelia references to Polonius an act of Hamlets that can be interpreted as confidant ( average predating Excerpt 1 ) . Hamlet seemingly writes infinite letters to Ophelia during this clip, and it isnt until Ophelia ( non by pick ) returns Hamlets letters that their relationship alterations. Ophelia goes from being in love with Hamlet to feel foring him ( O, what a baronial head is here oerthrown ( III.i, 163 ) ) . On the separate side, Hamlet is amused by the full experience. He to the full realizes what is change of location on with Ophelia, Claudius, and Polonius and he finds it entertaining. From that point on in the book, Hamlet uses Ophelia as some kind of amusement. BUT, deep down, it is evident that Hamlet is still really much in love with Ophelia.Ophelia has different types of relationships with different characters. The King uses Ophelia for his ain personal addition. Polonius uses Ophelia for aid in his Acts of the Apostless of espionage. The Queen utilizations Ophelia to happen out more about Hamlets issues. And Hamlet uses Ophelia for amusement. But, throughout the book Hamlet remains in love with Ophelia. All of these utilizations for Ophelia make her the biggest tool of Denmark.The motive of wretched Ophelias lockThroughout the drama, Ophelia is forced into state of affairss of moving to carry through the command of others. The most prevailing of these state of affairss is where she must return Hamlets letters, a record that she doesnt want/love him. This function of moving is meant to carr y through Claudius, Polonius and the Queens purposes, which fit two other motives in the drama misrepresentation and espionage. Ophelias moving was merely a portion of the larger programs of misrepresentation and espionage. Although Ophelia had literally no influence in the planning of the misrepresentation and espionage, she helped to transport it out, and is hence merely every bit guilty as the other plotters.Flowers Ophelias Connection to FlowersOPHELIAthither s rosemary, that s for recollection pray,love, retrieve and there is Viola coloured hortensiss. that s for ideas.LaertessA papers in lunacy, ideas and recollection fitted.OPHELIAThere s fennel for you, and aquilegias there s herb of gracefor you and here s some for me we may name itherb-grace O Lords daies O you must switch on your herb of grace witha difference. There s a daisy I would give yousome violets, but they withered all when my male parentdied they say he made a good terminal, &8212( Sings ) For beautiful sw eet Robin is all my joy.( IV.v, 199-210 )Ophelia chooses her flowers carefully. In making so she represents separately of the characters in their ain manner, uncovering even more who they truly are.rosemary/Pansies Laertes Remembrance of Polonius, maintain the memory of their male parent alive.Fennel Claudius servility of Ophelia, reflects their relationship.Columbine Claudius Infidelity, non faithful in love for household and others.Rue Queen/Herself Grief, mourningDaisy Queen Dishonesty, fraudulence ( Queens headlong matrimony )Violets Hamlet Fidelity and truthfulness, Hamlet through his ain prevarications has helped destruct their relationship.This leads me to believe that maybe Ophelia isnt truly insane, possibly shes merely improbably angry and is blinded by her choler. She must hold put an atrocious sum of idea into these flowers, more than any insane individual can take the clip to make. I believe that she merely reached a breakage point she no drawn-out wants to be used . The Tool of Denmark has broken.Note Flower Meanings fromhypertext channel protocol //aboutflowers.com/flower-a-plant-information-and-photos/meanings-of-flowers.htmlandhypertext transfer protocol //www.800florals.com/care/meaning.asp

Dominic: Light of the Church Reflection Paper Essay

Dominic was born in a world of turmoil. in that respect was a war and famine was widespread. The conflict mingled with the Christians and the Moors worsens the suffering conditions of the hungry of food and thirsty of hope. Amidst it all, Dominic analyzeed at a young age closely love and sacrifice for others. He had a heart for the poor which led him to do selfless acts. He was so selfless that he would give e verything to those who asked for his help. He gave away his money and interchange his clothes, furniture and even precious manuscripts to feed the hungry. He struggled to find a cure for the despair of the volume in his homeland. Dominic was influenced by his mother who was a very pious woman. She was the one who introduced Jesus and Mary to Dominic. Another was Bishop Diego de Acevedo. He was the bishop of Osma and convinced Dominic to come with him to their parish.Dominic happily obliged and the two became very nigh(a) with each other. A few years later, Dominic accom panied Bishop Diego on a diplomatic mission for Alfonso VIII, King of Castile, namely to secure a bride in Denmark for cr possess prince Ferdinand. There, Dominic and Diego encountered the Cathars, a Christian religious sect with Gnostic and Manichaean beliefs, which the Roman Catholic Church deemed heretical. The Cathari skewed Christian doctrines and they profess it to people of dying hopes. The people, having lost their way, believed in what the Cathari said, distancing themselves from the Church. Thus, Dominics mission began. He realised The Oder of Preachers or more popularly go to sleepn as the Dominican Order.There were four pillars of the Dominican life and they are (1) prayer, (2) study, (3) community, and (4) preaching. In the movie, prayer was a very important part of the Order. When they were going to eat supper, Dominic was shocked to learn that his brothers had not yet prayed. genius of them replied, But, Father, there is nothing to eat. He answered them, past tha t is not a reason for us not to pray. Dominic implied to his brothers that in foster or in suffering, we must pray. His brothers (followers) were in addition well educated to topic a crap them for their preaching outside of the Order. The Order was a community. They prayed together, shared thoughts with each other and respected one another. At times, dis arrogatees would arise but they would quickly break amends.Preaching, in the movie, was seen very clearly. There were many scenes that included preaching of St. Dominic. One is when he was teaching children about the Holy Trinity. Dominican preaching unceasingly had its edge from preaching of others. Dominicans, like their founder, St. Dominic de Guzman, preached with love and true service to others. They adoptt pamper themselves with material things and led very simple lives. They go from one house to another to preach the Good News. As a young person, I could bring and share the Gospel of Jesus to others by being a good role model. I can evidence to everyone that living a life that follows idols will is definitely much better than living life the way you want to. I could also bring and share the Gospel of Jesus through counselor-at-law my peers whenever they are in trouble. The movie sincerely moved me and my classmates to divide.It was very in force(p) in introducing St. Dominic to the young people today. He deserved it., said Fr. Christopher Aytona, OP during The clear up behind the Scenes. I, too, think that way. Dominic emerged from being a simple man to establishing his own organization. It was amazing how he founded the Order of Preachers. I think he ceremonious the Order because he precious to share to others what the Lord has given him. Of course, he cant do it himself so he asked for help. He wanted Gods love to reach others through him. Dominic was a very simple, kind, and gentle person. I learned from the movie that you must not take for granted what you have right now.You must also not be after for more than what you have. I remember watching a cartoon about Abraham and Isaac. In the last scene when Abraham was told by God not to knock off his son, he was very happy. Isaac then asked his father what they would offer since Isaac was not really going to be sacrificed. Then, they saw a lamb nearby and Abraham with tears in his eyes said, God always provides. I remembered that while I was watching the life of St. Dominic. He and Fr. Diego called it, Divine Providence. God always provides.Our life is more than enough to be thankful for. I also learned that helping others require sacrifice. You must be prepared of the consequences that whitethorn come but you will never go astray if you put your belief and trust in God. And finally, I learned to love myself. God loves me and He wants me to cherish myself. In Cor. 619-20, Do you not know that your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit within you, which you have trustworthy from God, and that you are not on your own? For you were bought at a equipment casualty therefore glorify God in your body.

Market Entry Strategy Essay

Limited Brands, parent company to Bath and automobile trunk, currently employs an incorporated marketing plan for its distribution of the Bath and Body harvest-festival line (L Brand International Strategy 2014, Para 1). This strategy could be combined with the prospect of a joint venture for a flourishing expansion into the United Kingdom market. Integrated marketing steers drop be challenging to manage but they are the most powerful way to connect marketing and customer service, providing benefits for both company and consumer (Ellis, 2011).A achievementful integrated market entry strategy starts and ends with a sharpen on customers. The needs of the customer must be the top priority, because the success of the company depends on the loyalty of the customers it attracts (Ellis, 2011). Bath and Body is already a well-recognized brand in many different parts of the world, providing a kickoff point for market entry (L Brand International Brand, 2014, Para 2). It is as well as important for this strategy to be effective that all aspects of the company from manufacturing, distribution, and gross revenue are operating together. This step requires effective constant communication. Each channel to the customer has strengths and weaknesses, using the strengths of one to offset the weakness of another go forth assist the companys customer effectiveness while reducing overall costs (Ellis, 2011). Bath and Body has a well-established product range that provides products at many price points. This allows for the expansion to test different markets with smaller trials, then capitalize on the areas where customers purchasing. SWOT analysisThe method of amount a companies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats is SWOT analysis. This method assist companies in making decisions by providing decision makers a straightforward way to analysis both inherent and external information pertaining to company operations or potential expansions (SWOT Analysi s, 2014). Analysis of potential expansion to the United Kingdom by Bath and Body provides potential strengths of recognized brand imaging, reasonable price points compared to current options, customer loyalty, and providing of job opportunities in a recovering market. Weaknesses hold competitive market, discussion section stores carrying similar products, and the lack of a green product line. Market opportunities include the availability of e-commerce, social media, and understanding of the market. Threats include outside competition, lower priced products in market, and a recovering economy.ReferencesEllis, D. (2011, September 7). 5 components of a successful integrated marketing strategy. Social Media Today. Retrieved on February 28, 2014, from http//socialmediatoday.com/debraellis/352405/5-components-successful-integrated-marketing-strategy L Brands. (2014). International Strategy. Retrieved on February 28, 2014 from http//www.lb.com/ foreign/strategy/default.aspx SWOT Anal ysis. (2014). Investopedia. Retrieved on February 28, 2014, from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/s/swot.asp

The Language of Mistrust and Fear

From the beginning, Bram fireman makes it white that Count genus Dracula should be witnessed as The a nonher(prenominal), a psychological distinction that has been used to describe the way people view the world in them and us. fire-eater uses the c erst sequencept of The Other to manoeuvre how different Dracula is from the face and to create an underlying tension surrounded by the re principal(prenominal)ing characters and the vampire. He as well as uses the psychological distinction as a means of preventing the characters from determining the disposition of the vampire earlier as they atomic number 18 aw atomic number 18 that they ca-ca societal differences from the counting.The characters choose to everyplace ol particularory perception many of the primary contendnings of the oddness of the Count because they were afraid they were acting out of a misunderstanding around the cultural differences. stoker manages to establish Count Dracula as the other easily within t he first chapter of the novel. In the first chapter, the impressions we ware of Count Dracula all come from Jonathan Harkers journal and stoker establishes early on that Harker is uncomfortable with his surroundings.The impression I had was that we were leaving the atomic number 74 and entering the eastbound the almost western of splendid bridges all over the Danube, which is here of noble width and depth, took us among the traditions of Turkish rule (Stoker, Chapter 1). nevertheless in his writing, Stoker decides to play up the eeryness of the land with the strange spelling of Budapest as Buda-Pesth. He establishes immediately that Harker is leaving the polish world and going to a completely different land.He uses the lure and the mystique of the East to establish the difference all within the first paragraph of the hold back that Count Dracula is different from everyone else. As Harker travels inland, we learn that the count is from the march of Hungary near the Carpath ian Mountains, one of the wildest and least be intimaten portions of Europe. (Chapter 1) This is another attempt by the author to establish that Dracula is weird, and unlike the other characters. By claiming that he is from a wild and unknown region, Stoker is relying on the themes of Romanticism to intimate that he is potentially ugliness and dangerous.And just a few paragraphs later(prenominal) he tells us that I read that every known superstitious notion in the world is gathered into the horseshoe of the Carpathians, as if it were the centre of several(prenominal) mannikin of imaginative whirlpool if so my stay may be very interesting. (Chapter 1). These lines establish clearly that Harker believes the people of Hungary to be less educated and different from the people of England. Furthermore, by establishing that he has heard they atomic number 18 a superstitious folk, he can justify their odd behavior to himself and not question the decisions that he is making (going alone to the Counts fort despite their warnings).Throughout the novel, Stoker relies on the concept of the other to isolate his main characters from the world around them and never is this as evident as in Harkers initial journey to meet the count. All on the way, Harker is the tourist, intrigued and besides critical of local population. The women looked pretty, except when you got near them, but they were very clownish about the waist. (Chapter 1) He describes the traditional dress and the more rotund nature of the populace as clumsy about the waist emphasizing the sort of the time in Britain to be very thin with corsets cinching the waist in even farther.And, to the men, he is even less generous. The strangest figures we saw were the Slovaks, who were more fantastic than the rest, with their big cow- male child hats, great baggy dirty-white trousers, white linen shirts, and enormous tough leather belts, nearly a foot wide, all studded over with brass nails. They wore high boots, with their trousers tucked into them, and had long black hair and sour black moustaches. They are very picturesque, but do not look prepossessing. On the stage they would be set down at once as some old Oriental band of brigands.They are, however, I am told, very harmless and rather wanting in natural self-assertion. To the fair(a) referee at the time of this writing, Stokers words about the people of Europe would look at been strange and more than a twist venerationsome, driven by the fear of the unknown. The author, realizing this, includes that very ceremonial occasion in Harkers journal, when he hastens to explain that despite the many odd things in his journal, he had not overindulged in either food or drink, going so far as to list what he has eaten.There too, Stoker attempts to make the reader revile the locals with a comparison of their dinner to the dewy-eyed style of the capital of the United Kingdom cats meat (Chapter 1). Having established the physical d ifferences between the inhabitants of Eastern Europe and those in London and draw attention to their different manner of dress and food, Stoker is ready to cut the last tie which might bind the twain groups together religion. On the eve of Harkers approach to Draculas castle, the innkeepers wife attempts to prevent him from going.She relays the fear that something untoward leave behind happen to him at the Castle and begs him to take her crucifix. I did not know what to do, for, as an English Churchman, I guide been taught to regard much(prenominal) things as in some measure idolatrous, and yet it seemed so ungracious to fend an old lady meaning so well and in such a state of mind. She saw, I suppose, the doubt in my face, for she put the rosary round my neck and said, For your mothers sake, and went out of the room. I am writing up this part of the diary whilst I am waiting for the coach, which is, of course, late and the crucifix is still round my neck.(Chapter 1) In this sh ort passage, Stoker firmly establishes that the Hungarians are not like the English, establishing them firmly as The Other, but he also manages to establish their humanity. When the woman asks him to take the crucifix, For your mothers sake, Stoker overcomes the barrier between them, pointing to a common bond among all humans, the have intercourse of a mother for her child. This is done for two reasons first, to illustrate to the reader that the oddities of the count are in fact unnatural and second, to begin to create a mood, to explain the beginnings of the fear that Harker feels as he approaches the castle.The reader is meant to feel that Harkers observations about his trepidation as he approaches the castle at midnight are justified, that he is not merely some frightened little boy who starts at the darkness. This concept that the fear might be justified is edifice all along Harkers journey to the castle and might have built more if he had understood the languages his fellow p assengers spoke, Stoker writes, once again playing to the classical definition of the other as mortal outdoors our normal understanding, separated by culture, religion and sometimes, by language.Then, in a subtle criticism of the Carpathians, another form of creating distance between groups, Harker observes that the coursestead and rough and that the driver seemed to fly over it with a feverish haste. (Chapter 1) This observation is meant to again set the people apart from the English who, it is implied, would never say of driving at such a pace and would have most for sure kept the road in better exalt. I was told that this road is in summertime excellent, but that it had not yet been put in order after the winter snows.In this respect it is different from the general ladder of roads in the Carpathians, for it is an old tradition that they are not to be kept in too good order. Of old the Hospadars would not repair them, lest the Turk should think that they were preparing t o bring in foreign troops, and so hasten the war which was always really at loading point. (Chapter 1). Even in his interchange of the fear of the Turks, Stoker is driving a wedge between the English and the Hungarians, as the British never feared invasion from aggressive neighbors thanks to the fact that they were on an island.This is just another means of driving a adventure between the two cultures. For the normally reserved British, the thought of weirds giving Harker gifts along the way also helps to establish the difference between the cultures. One by one several of the passengers offered me gifts, which they pressed upon me with an earnestness which would take no denial. These were for sure of an odd and varied kind, but each was given in simple good faith, with a kindly word, and a blessing, and that same strange diversity of fear-meaning movements which I had seen outside the hotel at Bistritz the sign of the cross and the guard against the evil eye. (Chapter 1). Thi s passage actually plays on English attitudes in two matters First, it would have been unconscionable to give a random gift to a stranger and make him feel that he must accept it. Second, the fact that they were actively demonstrating their religion and superstition was an act the British of the time would have name completely unacceptable. The British largely believed that church, the Church of England, was something you did when you went to services and not something to be practiced at any other time.Furthermore, the concept that you would let someone catch you making a hex sign of any sort was simply unbelievable. The British would simply be too polite to have anything in common with these heathens, further establishing them as The Other. In the end, Stokers work is masterful at clearly establishing the differences between class lines and cultures and creating The Other on numerous different levels. He establishes that Mina and Jonathan are the others when compared to Lucy and h er well-to-go friends, two of them having been raised with next to nothing.He establishes Renfield as the other via his madness and his actions during his fall to Draculas control and even Lucy is somewhat established in this manner, existence the least learned and scientific of the group. Stoker made each of the characters grotesque and bound them to one another, but also invested in making clear divides between them to create an additional tension and confusion in the concur that is just complicated by the arrival of Count Dracula. Upon the counts arrival in London, he is regarded as exotic and interesting, a prospect as completely a portion of The Other as the fear and trepidation.Often we are fascinated by those things that are different from us and we bank to see them, to learn more about them and even to imitate them while still holding them at a distance, knowing that they are not like we are. The fact that Stoker felt it necessary to establish this constitutional diff erence when Dracula could easily have become the other trustworthyly by virtue of being a creature of the night implies that Stoker was perhaps attempting to force the scholars that would read his novel to recognize a certain xenophobia within their culture.His depiction of the Eastern Europeans as highly different, almost medieval compare to the bustling and modern London can hardly be considered accidental. Stoker clearly had some thoughts about the way that the British ascertained the world around them and made Harker the extreme viewpoint of that British charm. Harker had to be an extreme, the most British of British subjects in his observations for stoker to force his earreach to see how absurd such characterizations could be. Works Cited Stoker, Bram. Dracula Accessed at http//www. literature. org/authors/stoker-bram/genus Dracula/chapter-01. html, December 9, 2007.

Cultural relativism Essay

Cultural relativism remains a arguable if not completely misunderstood innovation in the terra firma today. It is unknown that people consider heathen relativism a problem because to do so would hint at the belief in heathen superiority or exceptionalism. It would seem that there is also a belief that variant from otherwise(a) kitchen-gardenings that atomic number 18 in opposition to a separate finale homecoming a threat.Whether the threat is real is another matter because as considerable as one culture perceives a threat, then there will be a militant response to such threat conceived. These days, cultural relativism has a bad reputation in many quarters. It conjures images of a man where anything goes. According to this domino theory of norms, if people open themselves to the possibility that other cultures may have valid, if different, ways of life, the next thing you know, theyll be doing it in the streets. (Rosaldo)Part of the reason for such distress at the notio n of cultural relativism is the fact that there is an inherent belief held by many cultures that their scheme of beliefs, life, etc are the right way to live and that any type of culture that is different or perceptually opposite of the right way are violate and need to be contained, altered or even salve from themselves. If there is no transcendent ethical standard, then often culture becomes the ethical norm for determining whether an action is right or wrong. This ethical system is known as cultural relativism.1 Cultural relativism is the entrance that all ethical truth is relative to a specific culture. whatsoever a cultural group approves is considered right within that culture. Conversely, whatever a cultural group condemns is wrong. (Anderson) An example of cultural relativism gone horrible wrong can be viewed in the early clashes amidst Europeans and Native Americans during the New orb era of the early colonization of North America. To the Native Americans, humans wer e considered in harmony with nature and lived among the inseparable world.To the European mentality, there was the belief that the natural world needed to be tamed and cities needed to be create upon the land. To the Europeans, the Native earth centrist ideology was unacceptable and needed to be removed. This was the basis of most of the early clashes that ultimately lead to massacres and genocidal campaigns. What is bizarre more or less this type of thought process is that it assumes there is an invisible line between cultures and that the world is not an inclusive place of a multitude of cultures.It seems to deal that culture exists only from one mindset or tradition and what is out of doors that tradition subscribes to chaos and disorder. First, the idea of separate but equal cultures no longer seems accurate. Cultures are not separate they are not check to their own individual museum cases. They exist side by side in the same space. Also, weve noticed that there are inequa lities between culturesrelations of self-assurance and subordination. Take, for example, settler colonialism, the system we had in America.Relationships formed in the colonial finish and after created inequalities, which a committed anthropologist would have to critique. (Rosaldo) So, from this we can infer that the concept of cultural relativism is a flawed notion and concept because it is based on a flawed premise of exclusiveness and ethnocentricity. In other words, to hope that cultural relativism exists is ridiculous because to claim it exists would mean the subdivision of humanity as opposed to looking at humanity as members as the world as a whole which is the natural order, an order only changed by human intervention designed to suit specific needs.Bibliography Anderson, Kirby. (2004) Cultural Relativism. Retrieved 6 February 2007. http//www. inplainsite. org/hypertext markup language/cultural_relativism_. html Rosaldo, Renaldo. (2000) Of Headhunters and Soldiers Separat ing Cultural and Ethical Relativism Retrieved 6 February 2007. http//www. scu. edu/ethics/publications/ iie/v11n1/relativism. html

Jungle Love Essay

The refreshful, Jungle honor novel, was written by Margaret Johnson. This story is about two girls, Jennifer and Lisa, who took a catch to Belize and they both were in love with the same attractive man, Ian. Jennifer enjoyed nature and schooling while Lisa liked talking too long. In Jennifers maculation, she had other man, Pete. They planned to get married and then to move to the countryside to enjoy their lifespan. However, she was precise confused about their relationship. She love Pete, but she wasnt in love with Pete as much as with Ian. About Lisa, she wasnt contented with what she had.She lived in the boring countryside with her mother but she always dreamed about existent in a luxury flat in London. She knew what she wanted a soul mate and moving to London. The ridiculous thing is they both were loved by Ian. He couldnt choose whom he liked or so because they were both attractive. These two girls began a war. When Jennifer and Lisa finally discovered that Ian was a adult liar, they became reconciled and became good friends. The story ended up with Lisa receiving a headphone call from her brother that her mother married an old man.Thus Lisa was equal to start her new life in London. At the same while Jennifer broke the engagement with Pete. What a dramatic ending I theorise Jennifer didnt know exactly what she wanted and then made the situation worse and more complicated. Nevertheless, Lisa was confident and sure of what she wanted in life that she tried hard to realize it. The main idea is appearances can be deceptive. In my opinion, they shouldnt trust man who said sweet words. They both were abused by Ian. Dont judge only by appearances.

Differences between US government and Texas State government

The United States of America is a country consisting of many states, including Texas state, and various far celestial spheres. Although Texas is one of the states of U. S. , to some degree, it has expiration in legal injury of its g overnance. This paper scrutinizes the difference between the organization of US and Texas State government in ground of its constitution and sparing. The United States is a democratic federal republic low the temper of 1787 and its amendments.There are three levels of government (1) home(a), or federal (2) state, consisting of 50 separate governments and (3) local, consisting of thousands of county, township, city, and otherwise local units within the states (Ferguson, 2001). The U. S. Constitution, the oldest written constitution among the nifty nations, has served as a model for a number of other countries. The presidential system of government, with separation of supplys between the executive, legislative, and judicial pegleges, is one of the two leadership pee-pees of democratic government is use today (Bender, 2006).The emphasis on independence in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights has been an important world influence. The United States form of government is based on these principles 1. Popular Sovereignty. Supreme function is in the hand of the people. Government is based on the consent of the governed, as verbalised through the United States Constitution, elections, and public opinion (Bender, 2006). 2. Constitutionalism, or Limited Government. The U. S. Constitution is the supreme law. Every governmentnational, state, and localand every citizen moldiness permit by its provisions.The national and state constitutions have bills of rights that guarantee certain prefatory rights to the individual (Bender, 2006). 3. Federalism. Governmental powers are divided between the national government and the states. Whatever powers are not granted to the national government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or to the people (Bender, 2006). 4. Representative Government. As a republic and representative democracy, the government is run by the voters to bear and enforce their will. 5. Separation of Powers.Governmental powers are divided among three generally order (equal-ranking) branches legislative, executive, and judicial. To prevent any one branch from taking over the functions of another, the power of each branch is checked and balanced by the powers of the other two. The President, as chief executive, has the power to veto, or refuse to give consent to, legislation. Laws must be approved by both houses of Congress, the legislative body. (Ferguson, 2001). Through the power of judicial view, the courts can invalidate laws and actions that are contrary to the Constitution.In addition, in terms of its economy, the United States is a leading agricultural nation even though the relative importance of agriculture in the economy has declined ste adily over the years. Farming now accounts for less than 3 percentage of the nations labor force and a similar percentage of the gross national product (Baumol, 2005). Nevertheless, it makes the nation virtually self-sufficient in food and, by value, provides about one-seventh of the nations exports. On the other hand, Texas is a state in the south-central United States.It ex break aways from the Gulf of Mxico and the Rio Grande valley into a heart of the Great Plains. Texas, with an area of 266, 807 square miles, ranked as the gravidst state in the Union for more than a light speed, and now is present moment altogether to Alaska in size. More than 7 percent of the total area of the United States is occupied by Texas. To many people, the name Texas brings to mind dry, raw plains dotted by occasional cattle herds and oil wells. In reality, on that point is great scenic variety, ranging from thick pine forests and long sandy beaches to good-looking mountains and canyons.There is as much variety in the states economy as in its scenery (Jordan, 2003). Cattle and oil are dummy up very important in Texas, but they are now only part of a highly diversified economy that is dominated by manufacturing. Texas cities that had long been primarily market and oil-refining centers are now industrial and pecuniary capitals of a multistate area. Despite the many changes that have taken place, Texans maintain a traditional pride in their state and its colorful history. They sometimes tend to think of Texas as a separate country.This feeling is at to the lowest degree partly due to the vastness and diversity of Texas, its numerous resources, and a flavor of independence that goes back to the days of the republic of Texas (Ridgeway, 2002). Texas is governed under its fifth constitution, adopted in 1876 and frequently amended. The chief executive of the state is the regulator. He is select for a four-year term and may be reelected an unlimited number of times. The s urrogate governor, the attorney general, the comptroller of public accounts, the treasurer, the commissioner of agriculture, and the commissioner of the general land office are elected for four years.The secretary of state is appointed by the governor for a four-year term (Whisenhunt, 2004). The state legislature meets in odd-numbered years. It consists of a Senate elected for fours and a House of Representatives that are elected for two years. The judicial branch of the government is made up of a supreme court and several(prenominal) lower courts. The judges of all state courts are elected. Texas has 254 counties. It is represented in Congress by 2 senators and 27 representatives. Moreover, until the beginning of the 20th century the economy of Texas was based on farming, ranching, and lumbering.Then, in 1901, large-scale production of vegetable oil began following discovery of the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont. Since then, the economy of Texas has flex closely bound to the production and distribution of oil colour, petroleum products, and natural hitman and to such related industries as petroleum refining and the making of petrochemicals. Since nearly mid-century, diverse manufacturing industries have been established in the state especially illustrious are those in the electronic and aerospace fields (McDonald, 2003). Today, about 20 percent of the nonagricultural labor force is engaged in manufacturing.Wholesale and retail trade, the service industries, and government also employ large numbers of persons. These changes in the Texas economy ruminate the demand, both from within and from outside the state, for an ever-widening variety of products. Abundant resources, especially petroleum and natural gas, a large labor force, relatively low wages, and large amounts of investment capital have helped bring about these changes (Adams, 2003). Furthermore, Texas has the largest network of direct and secondary roads in the United States.The primary syst em, which connects all major(ip)(ip) Texas cities, includes seven Interstate routes and many miles of other multilane divided highways. railway line mileage is also the largest of any state, but, as in most other states, has declined for many years. Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston are the chief railway hubs. Six major poets serve Texas. Houston, connected to the gulf by the 50-mile Houston Ship Channel, is the states largest port and ranks among the busiest ports in the country. Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Texas City, Port Arthur, and Freeport also handle big(a) cargo tonnages.

Diary and Character Essay

Over the course of this 3 week unit, you result have the opportunity to explore the nuances of Macbeth by putting yourself into the mindset of a mention you have selected. You will sp are a series of daybook entries as if you were this mention, that means from his or her point of view and create an give up and creative cover.Requirements 1. You will be assigned 6 entries, with the option of skipping atomic number 53 entry at any time. If you choose, you may do all 6 entries and receive up to 10 points extra credit. 2. All entries must be at least a page long, double-spaced. Know that some of the topics that you write about will require more length in range to give a full and reflective response, though. 3. Entries must be veritable and of your own work. Plagiarism of any type will result in an F for this assignment. If you have any doubt about what constitutes plagiarism, please engage me. 4. Entries must be relatively free of spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. 5. D esign a cover/title page for you diary. It must reflect some thought of the character and should Include illustrations or graphics. 7. For each of the entries, you will pick from the chase list of topics. Although you must stay within the limits of what the text says about the character, you are free to use your imagination to fill in the gaps. If you wish, you may as well as illustrate your entries. You may not repeat any topic.Specific diary Topics (Choose at least 5) 1. Pick a specific scene. How does your character pure tone that he/she contributes to this scene? What are his or her actions and why? Also, explain how your character is relating to other characters on stage at this time. 2. What is something surprising about your character? Discuss this from his/her point of view. 3. What happened today in the life of your character? 4. suck up your character write a letter to another character. 5. Write subjugate a quote from your character and have your character write in response to what he or she said. 6. What is your character feeling as a result of his/her actions? 7. What music or television shows might your character revere listening to or watching? Why? 8. Have your character chide about how he or she has changed throughout the play. 9. Choose from the following conflict aspects that Shakespeare uses throughout the play and discuss how your character demonstrates both sides ambition/duty, bravery/fear, strength/uncertainty, good/evil, and fair/foul. Make sure your character journal matches what the teacher is grading you on in the rubric.

Tradition v.s Common Sense

Traditions argon a real Important aspect of kinde livelihood. They ar seen as a nonher way of life. legion(predicate) customss t completely(prenominal) social functions of value to children, things which p atomic number 18nts hope go forth be passed on to futurity generations. In umpteen societies however, imposts contain interpreted oer the putting green sense of the quite a little.Nowadays, graciouss cheatly abide by usances, non fill ining or dismantle acknowledging what they be re onlyy doing. Whether It Is a celebratory customs or a tradition that has been followed since antediluvian times, unmans provideinging non enquire the motives behind it they will ex solvely continue to follow it. In the trivial invoice The Lottery by Shirley capital of Mississippi, colonisationrs blindly follow their annual tradition, wizard that claims a life e precise year.All the villagers take bug step up in this event knowing that in that respect will be dea th til now no ace d atomic number 18s to stop and question It, evening when some people do stop and question the reasons that began the tradition, they will not do anything or so it because it is a tradition that has been followed countless and they do not compliments to be the only ones to question it or even worse, not follow it. This constitutes that human beings will tolerate acts of evil and Injustices In traditions, make them unable to step out of that rotary and see what is really handout on because of their preference of tradition oer greens sense.It does not press if the tradition FIFO Traditions have been nigh for thousands of years, even to begin with civilized human life began. They have been performed all over the world, in all points of time. In the overview by Joyce Moss and George Wilson, it is explained that quaint cultures commitd sacrifices were necessary to benefit the confederacy. In fact, during antiquated times a tradition kindred to The Lott ery was such a highly regarded consider of decision- qualification that eventually most civic matters were unyielding by. Joyce Moss &038 George Wilson) This is because traditions were among the master(prenominal) parts or sections of ancient human life.Even now, traditions are exempt a big part of human life. many traditions around the world are a huge thing for worldly concern. They will net special foods, decorations, and even rites. However, many of these traditions are performed without thought. Many traditions are followed because it has been done before, no one has questioned it before, and so in that location is no reason to stop it now. In The Lottery one can analyze that the original core and aspects of the tradition have indeed been incapacitated and that the tradition is followed beneficial because.The summary make on study mode put forwards that substitute slips of paper for chips of wood, a recital introductory to the draft, and a salute to address eac h person are some of the aspects that have changed prior to the original lottery, the first one that began everything. (Analysis of the Tradition in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery) It also mentions that the unfeigned tradition has remained a routine. This leads to the conclusion that the lottery is no doggeder continued because of the tradition, still because it has been done for so long it practiced feels right to continue to follow it.In many societies, rituals are part of the traditions. Many believe these rituals are performed because of religion or a similar idea. What people do not know is that not all rituals are needed or performed because of religion. Many rituals are Just performed because of tradition. It does not matter if the ritual is harmful and has a active extend to on society many societies will still perform them Just to occur the tradition going. The short story, The Lottery by Shirley Jackson, shows a perfect example of this.The people of the t experiences folk still perform the ritual because of the tradition held every year. They do not bid if psyche they love or fretting for dies they just wishing to follow the tradition. Even the own family members participate in the ritual, which is lapidation one of their own family members to death. These types of rituals are implausible acts of evil further humans still participate in them. In the be section of the overview by Jennifer Hicks, she explains very well the tradition of stoning. In it she explains that it was a comporting(a) ritual.She does mention that the original paraphernalia for the lottery has been lost long ago. (Hicks) thither is a part in the story where gray-haired man Warner stated, Lottery in June, give be heavy soon. This refers to human sacrifices benefiting the community with food, which is something that by the time the story takes place, which is around the 1700 to sass, should be known that it is not real. So why do they continue to do this? It is th e simple reasons of following a tradition. There are many concerns on why human beings follow traditions that are brutal instead of using their common sense.Most of the issues are due to the fact that many rituals followed by humans consist of bloodshed or even death. In many societies, traditions touch a big role, causing more and more people to be a part of them. The main dilemma is why people accept traditions that sense that traditions that get hold of bloodshed and death can be no good to societies, especially societies modify with children. Traditions like these will only poisonous substance the minds of the young with the idea that a tradition must be followed no matter what. The reason people do not stop them is because they do not extremity to theme out.In the book Shirley Jackson by Friedman Lineman, it explains that Shirley Jackson was new to a subtle town when she moved. She did not really know anybody so she did not participate in the towns traditions. This ca used other towns people to look at her weird, like an outsider. This can reflect on her short story of The Lottery, in which the analysis can be made that Mrs.. Hutchinson was an outsider, not so much of Ewing new but the type that does not do what everyone else does, in this case, the tradition of the lottery.It is clear that these traditions have taken over the common sense of the people. Now, people do not think before acting. They Just follow traditions to the letter. They do no stop to think round their traditions and if they are beneficial or plain out dangerous. They Just do not want to stand out they want to be the same as everyone else. It is around these thoughts that the main concern revolves around. Humans will deal that traditions are needed when the reality is that they are not. They have gotten surrounded so much by traditions it is like a befriend language to them.The short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson explains how human beings in the village have been bli nd by a tradition, which is the lottery. With caveatful analysis, it is easy to spot all blind actions carried out by the villagers. Everybody bes practiced and Joyful throughout the story until the very end. It seems as though Jackson is making a statement regarding hypocrisy and human evil. (Analysis of the Tradition in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery) What Shirley Jackson wants us to realize y writing this story is that people are so blinded by traditions they might kill someone thinking it is alright.Shirley Jackson uses ideas similar to these to suggest that there is an underlying evil and impuissance in human beings. The village, having performed such an act for so many years, continues on with it, with no complaints or questions being asked, and the main purport being to carry on the tradition. In the story, it states, Theres always been a lottery says superannuated Man Warner. Nothing but pain in the neck in that, he says of quitting the event. (122) However, almost all the villagers how some type of anxiety or idolise toward the tradition.Comments like Dont be tense Jack (122) and Get up there Bill (123) indicate that the people whitethorn not be entirely comfy with the lottery. Yet everyone still goes along with it. cipher openly expresses or shows their fear toward the lottery. Shirley Jackson may be trying to show the reader that many individuals are not strong enough to go against or stand up to their disapproval for the fear of being spurned by their own society. Instead, the villagers will continue to risk not only their lives, but the lives of their Emily members as well.She makes suggestions that human beings are not always who they seem and can turn their back on you at any time for the interest group of their beliefs, or in this case, tradition. Throughout history, humans have made the choice to take up their traditions over their common sense. They do not think of the effects that will be caused because of their actions. Nowadays , people in societies continue to follow traditions or trends side to watch an argument, slash or incident, rather than stepping in and doing something about it.They do not step in because they do not want to stand out in front of everybody else they do not want the spotlight on them. They are frightened that they will be rejected later on. It is the same thing with traditions. Human beings do not care if there is death in the tradition, they will continue to follow it as long as they do not stand out and are not rejected or looked down on. This shows that human beings will tolerate acts of evil and injustices in traditions, making them unable to step out of that circle and see what is really going on because of their reference of tradition over common sense.People need to stop and think about the effects caused by traditions instead of Just blindly following the traditions of their ancestors. If this is not stopped, future generations will continue to make blind choices as well, d ue to the lack of common sense. Works Cited Analysis of the Tradition in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery. Studded. Com. Studded. Com, 2008. Web. 2008.. Friedman, Lineman. Shirley Jackson. Boston Twenty Publishers, 1975. Print. Hicks, Jennifer. Overview of the Lottery. improvident Stories for Students. Detroit Gale, 2002.

The Case of Legalized Euthanasia: Analysis and Insights

Euthanasia, too comm scarcely known as pardon k sneezying or help suicide, as defined by any lexicon, would tinct to the act of intentionally killing a individual in a painless or minimally painful carriage so as to end that persons suffering.The word euthanasia was actually derived from deuce Greek words to humor eu and thanatos, which mean practised and death, respectively. Thus, euthanasia is in addition sometimes referred to as good death while in another(prenominal) references it is referred to as easy death.Euthanasia or mercy killing is usually carried verboten for mint who argon terminally ill and would want to cut diddle their extensive suffering from pain and or for those people who are put in a situation wherein they have become incapable(p) of making such request for themselves. This group of people would include those whose primary worldly concern is being provided by a life history support or vital medication.There are actually confused(a) graphe mes of euthanasia. This would include active, still and physician assisted suicide.Active euthanasia, according to various references, would refer to that type of euthanasia wherein in that location is a direct action concern in causing an individual to die. To illustrate, allow us take into consideration mavin of the most talked about film of the year, the trillion Dollar Movie.In the said film Ms. Maggie Fitzgerald (Hilary Swank) was placed in a situation wherein the only thing that enables her to thrive is by factor of a life-support machine. Mr. Frankie Dunn (Clint Eastwood), who was Ms.Fitzgeralds flight simulator in the field of boxing, as a response to Ms. Fitzgeralds request to answer her end her suffering actually move oneself in committing the active type of euthanasia via injecting a substance which is alien to the Ms. Fitzgeralds body, thus causing Ms. Fitzgeralds death.Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, is defined as that type of assisted suicide wherein th e death of a person is hastened by deliberately fastener purchasable forms of life support and permit the individual experience the inwrought seam of death.To illustrate, Mr. Frankie Dunn also exhibited this type of euthanasia by means of taking out the life support machine of Ms. Fitzgerald, thus alter to her hastened death.Passive euthanasia may also be exhibited by stopping necessary and irresponsible medical procedures, medications, and the like. Likewise, by stopping pabulum as well as irrigate intake thus allowing the person or patient to dehydrate and or lust to death is also another locution of a passive type of euthanasia.Physician assisted euthanasia, in contrast with the other two types mentioned, is that type of euthanasia wherein a paid in the field of medicine makes available to his or her patient the necessary reading and or means to cut short the patients suffering or life.Due to the fact that euthanasia involves an act that deviates from the natural way of dying, it became a precursor to various ethical, religious, and moral issues. Likewise, since there have been legion(predicate) medical cases that involved the act of mercy killing as well as existing and public policies that legalizes it, strong protests on its practice became prevalent. Should euthanasia be legalized despite the many intricacies and social implications it has created?For the purpose of this paper, the rootage aims to discuss the nature of euthanasia and the claim of Mr. Robert Dworkin et al. in the compendium entitled help Suicide The Philosophers Brief. Likewise, it is also the objective of the author to make a stand on the legalization of euthanasia and support his claim by citing examples from the scene the Million Dollar Baby and other examples of even nature to critically visualize Mr. Dworkins claim in his print essay.

A Discourse Theory of Citizenship

A communion system of Citizenship This clause discusses the concept of citizenship and how citizenship as a take form of popular dispute is crucial to country as a whole. The author, Robert Asen, presents a unsanded view that citizenship is a propulsive face-to-face manner of humans appointee. The off perform role of the member discusses questions about universe beliefs and perspectives. The second branchalization of the article discusses how citizenship is a mode of existence engagement. The troika section discusses how public engagement must be examined and what toilette be learned from that compend.The nett section discusses how the concept of citizenship abide be extended through the authors word Theory. The first part of the article begins by explaining how within the public and stock-still within radicals all sets of views or determine atomic number 18 non universal. This bureau that it is a challenge to represent the views of crowds. This in an y case means that members of assemblages need to stand up for their views. For slip, if you be part of a human rights organization, still do not approve of their state views on a particular country, you should extend to your voice heard.This presents a challenge to group leadership because they have to make the groups stated views to a greater extent command in order to not sacrifice any of the participants. In addition, batch do not have a general view on how decisions should be made. For example, the article menti championd how the activist AIDS organization, ACT UP, had a great deal of trouble overture up with a consensus about whether or not they should testify in comportment of Congress. These facts mean that the views and perspectives of a group of tribe, their subjectivity, is much of an ever-changing process than a soundless group of opinions and should be treated as such.This idea is signifi enkindlet to parley as a whole because it helps understand wherefor e it is important to constantly make confident(predicate) that no integritys views in a group ar macrocosm marginalized. The next section discussed how citizenship is a mode of public engagement. It explains that citizenship is not a group of well-defined privileges that manage with legally nutriment in a country, but preferably it is much much. It is a expression of get involved with the world around you. Citizenship is a process of dealing with the world that influences the views and beliefs of the public. It does not have to come from only balloting it exists in multiple modes.Some of these modes implicate consumer choices, work habits, and volunteer work. These sorts of actions could be more than important than voting al cardinal. This is because voting does not show your views in great close tobodyal detail and in that locationfore does not unceasingly help advance your personal beliefs into public discussion. Voting only ascribes your views to one of twain ge neral view sets, which most people do not generally obtain with completely. The new(prenominal) forms of citizenship, such as volunteering at a soup kitchen, can more accurately represent your views and ideas of how the world ought to be run.This is because the public sees how you are acting to instanter make a change in society and may decide to get hitched with you in your cause. As the article says, states heart does not strap in the halls of Congress or in the voting booth, but in customary enactments of citizenship (Asen, 197). The important communication concept that can be taken from this section, is that the power of commonwealth rests on usual people and not on elected officials or bureaucrats. This makes it passing important that ones views are expressed both in public discourse and in the way one lives their life.The responsibilities of active in a democracy do not only come once each two age for elections, but are present every day during human interactions . The next section discusses how public engagement in the form of citizenship must be examined. Public engagement is not a static set of concepts, but instead a fluid, kinetic process of interaction that occurs at a personal level. Consequently, it is different from person to person and must be treated sparely. The dynamic nature of citizenship makes it impossible to make limited theories of how the public engages in citizenship.This means that there cannot be true experts in the abbreviation of human-to-human interaction. It does not, however, prevent qualitative analysis of public engagement in citizenship. This section as well discussed how it is inherently risky to engage in citizenship. The risk occurs when an individuals views are known and the public becomes aware of ones beliefs. For example, participating in a Pro-Choice organization could lead some of your Pro-Life neighbors to dislike you for your views. On the other hand, there is a social usefulness to this risk b ecause it can expose you to people who share similar views to you.This common stick of risk unites organizations and makes them stronger over time. The important communication topic in this section is that communication your views involves risk, but that risk is worthwhile because it can lead to stronger social ties. The last section focused on how the definition of citizenship is spread out when the authors Discourse Theory of Citizenship is applied. The definition of citizenship is traditionally limited to the rights and privileges that are granted to individuals who are legally living in a country.With the application of this new theory, the definition can be expand in a few ways. first base the, relationship between the citizen and citizenship has been reformulated. No time-consuming is citizenship just the product of being a citizen, but instead it is a way of acting. Second, citizenship is not something that all citizens have equally. duration every citizen can vote, the affect he/she has on public discourse also depends on power and currency. For example, a moneyed individual can attend special interest meetings that require large donations in order to participate.This makes these people more overt of influencing what laws are ultimately passed. Another example is how in the past and still to a certain extent now, race can either help or stay ones level of citizenship. The third expansion of our appreciation of citizenship is through the analysis of hybrid cases of citizenship. Hybrid cases of citizenship are instances when normal everyday acts are also forms of citizenship. whiz example of this is if an individual spends more money at an organic feed reposition because they want to support the organic food industry.The expansion of the definition of citizenship through the Discourse Theory of Citizenship allows for a break out correspondence of citizenship and how public communication in legion(predicate) different forms is responsible for maintaining an effective democracy. When communicating through citizenship, it is important to understand that the citizenship includes more than just voting. It also includes everyday personal interactions, buying choices, and group memberships. By understanding citizenship through this expanded definition, it is possible to better focus public discourse in ways that can advance ones personal beliefs and goals.

General Provisions Essay

An promise is a discriminative necessity to ordain, to do, or not to do. JURIDICAL NECESSITY juridical tie connotes that in case of noncompliance, in that respect will be legal physiognomys. An pact is nothing more than the work of a person (obligor) to satisfy a ad hoc demandable claim of another person (obligee) which, if breached, is enforceable in court. A contract needs gives rise to an responsibleness provided an obligation does not always need to bugger off a contract. KINDS OF indebtedness A. From the viewpoint of sanction 1. CIVIL arrangement that defined in Article 1156 an obligation, if not fulfilled when it becomes delinquent and demandable, may be enforced in court through action establish on law the sanction is discriminative due process2. NATURAL OBLIGATION defined in Article 1423 a special kind of obligation which cannot be enforced in court but which authorizes the retention of the voluntary payment or performance made by the debtor based on equi ty and innate law. (i.e. when in that location is prescription of duty to pay, still, the obligor remunerative his dues to the obligee the obligor cannot recover his payment even there is prescription) the sanction is the law, but only conscience had originally motivated the payment.3. MORAL OBLIGATION the sanction is conscience or morality, or the law of the church. (Note If a Catholic promises to detect mass for 10 consecutive Sundays in order to receive P1,000, this obligation becomes a civil one.) B. From the viewpoint of subject result -1. REAL OBLIGATION the obligation to give 2. PERSONAL OBLIGATION the obligation to do or not to do (e.g. the duty to paint a house, or to forbear from committing a nuisance)