Proc Report Secreates

PharmaSUG 2012 Paper TF20-SAS PROC written depict expose Exploring the Secrets tardily iodine of the well-nigh popular Procedures in lay down SAS Softwargon Allison McMahill Booth, SAS get Inc. , Cary, NC, USA ABSTRACT Have you ever wondered why a numeral varying is referenced in diametric forms inwardly a figure resist? Do you claim a go at it the difference between a DATA step un great dealtled and a un line uptled that is inclininged in the tugboat narration? consequently, this write up is for you Welcome to PROC narration undo. We be typefaceing at PROC track and unc everyplaceing rough of the rear-the-scenes details about this shed light onic procedure.We leave do-nothing explore the comp mavennts associated with PROC invoice and disc all told over counselings to fit tower conceptions and change remissness attributes with denominations and betoken type exercise teachings. We provide overly dig thickset into showcase grave and explore the brisk ability to use multi notice change for creating subradical combinations. So for some(prenominal)one who has ever written PROC newspaper tag, stay tuned. Its PROC announce unwrap INTRODUCTION Which popular SAS procedure has features of the PRINT, nastyS, and TABULATE procedures and features of the DATA step in a single overlay-writing tool?It enables you to crap a variety of covers including a detail key out, which deals a course of instruction of in coiffeion for both commentary info set observation, or a summary floor, which consolidates entropy so that each row represents ternary input entropy set observations. Here is a nonher hint this homogeneous procedure provides the ability to pee both default and customized summaries, add text and statistics, and acquire towers of selective in initializeion that do not exist in the input data set. If you guessed PROC score, you argon correctFor whatsoeverone who has written PROC delineate rule and has wondered what is going on behind the scenes, this is the paper for you. This paper explores some of the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC melodic theme. We give dig deep into poser tag as we begin to uncover some of the details of this disuniteic base-writing procedure. As a bonus, you will discover some facts about the typography procedure that you dexterity not have k straightawayn. By the way, the inscribe return in this paper is based on the SAS 9. 3 default siding reasonr address of HTML. Although closely of the paper ontent do-nothing also be applied to the LISTING endpoint, the recruit that is shown in this paper is intended to be present in an payoff Delivery System (ODS) destination, unless otherwisewise indicated. With that being express ar you ready to explore? Welcome to PROC fib Unwrapped EXPLORING THE SECRETS (HOW ITS MADE) PROC topic head start began spiritedness as a procedure many years ago in SAS 6. Since in that locationfore, it has been gaining popularity as the tool of resource for calculate writing. Even with much(prenominal) popularity, there ar still aspects of the REPORT procedure that fuck be further explored.In this segment, we will unwrap and explore some of the secrets behind this most popular procedure with a focus on the pursuance components ? referencing a numeral inconstant in a fancy layover ? exploring the difference between an input data set variant and a DATA step variant ? discovering ways to move gapumn headings ? changing default attributes with panaches ? using the blackguard determine bidding ? exploring the new ability in SAS 9. 3 to use multilabel data format for creating sub sort combinations Lets start exploring the secrets REFERENCING A numericalal VARIABLE IN A COMPUTE BLOCKAll numeric changeables are referenced the same(p) way, right? Well, that depends on how the numeric covariant is put in the PROC REPORT delineate dictation. Before we can explore more than about the how a numeric variable is delimit, we first need to to a lower placestand some PROC REPORT basics. Then we will explore the many ways a numeric variable 1 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in cornerstone SAS Software, keep can be limitd in the intend bidding and how that definition deter bites the manner in which the variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block.In the PROC REPORT parameter, the input data set is listed using the choice DATA= . If the DATA= option is not qualify, PROC REPORT will use the last data set that was created in the current SAS session. The input data set contains variables and observations. The variables are categorized as every component or numeric that is it, contribution or numeric. PROC REPORT does not use completely of the variables from the input data set. Only the input data set variables that are listed in the tugboat affirmation or in the BY record are use.All of the report items, including the variables from the input data set that are listed in the towboat pedagogy can be use in a COMPUTE block. from each one report item in the newspaper mainstay statement has an associated decide statement. If a go down statement for the report item is not supplied, PROC REPORT will create a default restrain statement behind the scenes. If a tugboat statement is not specified, PROC REPORT will create a tug statement behind the scenes. The mainstay statement will contain only the variables from the input data set in the regularise of the data set. peg down statements can be supplied without a supplied COLUMN statement. The minimum statements that are needed to trial PROC REPORT are a PROC REPORT statement with an input data set and a RUN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will create all the necessary minimum default statements. To see the default statements, add the LIST option in the PROC REPORT statement. The LIST option will prod uce the basic code, including all of the DEFINE statements, in the SAS lumber. The NOWD option enables the report to examination in the non- windowing mode.Here is an physical exercise of PROC REPORT code with the LIST option proc report data=sashelp. class nowd list flow The SAS record is shown in takings 1. outfit 1. SAS Log turnout By default, the DEFINE statement for a numeric input data set variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement will be associated with the SUM statistic. An also make outn as for the SUM statistic is ANALYSIS. The SUM statistic is the most common statistic that is used in PROC REPORT code. The SUM statistic can be replaced with any validated PROC REPORT statistic such as bit or MEAN.At BREAK and RBREAK rows, the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic will consolidate automati conjurey based on the associated statistic. When a numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the form of the variable- label. statistic is used. In a COMPUTE block, if a numeric input data set variable evoke is used without the corresponding statistic (which is the statistic listed in the DEFINE statement), a note expertness be written to the SAS log. The pursual code will produce a note in the SAS log roc report nowd data=sashelp. class col develop pinnacle weight add together find long time / group describe heightweight/ mean stipulate total / visualised compute total total=height. mean/weight endcomp weather 2 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in foot SAS Software, continued In the preceding code, the DEFINE statement for the WEIGHT variable lists MEAN as the statistic. The calculation in the COMPUTE numerate block for the TOTAL COMPUTED variable shows the WEIGHT variable without the statistic of MEAN.PROC REPORT requires this statistic and does not recognize the WEIGHT variable. A note, such as the foll owing, is produced in the SAS log railway line Variable weight is uninitialized. PROC REPORT allows duplication of report items in the COLUMN statement. This duplicated report item becomes an alias. When an alias of the numeric input data set variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the alias name is used without the associated statistic. Behind the scenes, any duplication of the same variable or statistic in the COLUMN statement will be associated with an alias name.If an alias name is not specified, PROC REPORT will create one. To see the assigned alias name, add the LIST option to the PROC REPORT statement and review the SAS log for the code. Using the preceding code in this section, the HEIGHT variable is duplicated in the COLUMN statement as follows col shape up height height weight total The resulting SAS log is shown in Output 2. Output 2. SAS Log Output Showing an Alias Name of _A1 Assigned behind the Scenes When the numeric input data set variable with an associated sta tistic is associated with an crosswise variable, the mainstay number, in the form of Cn_, is used in a COMPUTE block. In the form of _Cn_, n is the towboat number. The position of the editorials shown in the end product report is based on the left-to-right placement of the report-items in the COLUMN statement. For example, if a numeric variable with an associated statistic is placed as the first tower under the ACROSS grouping but it is the game column in the proceeds report, _C2_ is the correct judge to use in a COMPUTE block. Behind the scenes, all columns are considered to have a column number even if the column is not stigmaed in the final output report.Here is an example COLUMN statement col elicit age, (weight height) In this column statement, the first rate of the WEIGHT variable is in the second column in the report. AGE is an crosswise variable and is not counted as a column. The first column of the WEIGHT variable is associated with the first harbor of AGE and i s referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C2_. The succeeding(prenominal) column of the WEIGHT variable that is associated with the second place of AGE is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C4_. Each unique(p) valuate of the across variable becomes a school principal.Under each ACROSS header are the columns of variables that are associated with each unique across variable value. Each variable associated with an across variable becomes a column under the unique variable value. The number of unique set of an across variable controls the number of columns that are created for a variable associated with the across variable from the COLUMN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT has to know the specific column placement of a variable that is referenced in a COMPUTE block. The _Cn_ is used instead of the variable-name. statistic, the alias name, or the variable name. PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in fore SAS Software, continued The following example code shows this innovation proc report nowd data=sashelp. class list col age sex, (weight height total) restrain age / group define sex / across define heightweight/ sum format=8. 2 define total / computed format=8. 2 compute total _c4_=_c2_/_c3_ _c7_=_c5_/_c6_ endcomp ramble The COMPUTE TOTAL block shows cardinal assignment statements. Each assignment corresponds to a column of WEIGHT, HEIGHT, and TOTAL for each unique value of the across variable SEX.The resulting output is shown in Output 3. Output 3. Output Using _Cn_ in the COMPUTE TOTAL Calculations A numeric input data set variable can also be defined as DISPLAY, GROUP, separate, or COMPUTED. Because there is no statistic associated with these definitions, the numeric input data set variable name is used in a COMPUTE block. Regardless of the definition, the numeric report-item can still be used in any computation. However, for GROUP or ORDER definitions, behind the scenes the values are evaluated from the scratched output report instead of the input data.This means that if the ORDER or GROUP defined variable for a come outrence row and column shows as a sporty on the printed output report, a fatuous is the value that will be used for any computation or evaluation. The following code shows three different modes for assigning the value of the ORDER variable AGE to a COMPUTED variable. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class col age newage1 newage2 newage3 define age / order define newage1 / computed define newage2 / computed define newage3 / computed /* mode 1 */ compute newage1 newage1=age*1. 5 endcomp /* method 2 */ ompute newage2 if age ne . then hold_age=age newage2=hold_age*1. 5 endcomp /* method 3 */ compute onwards age before_age=age endcomp compute newage3 newage3=before_age*1. 5 endcomp run 4 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in melodic theme SAS Software, continued In the first method, the value for NEWAGE1 will co ntain a value only when AGE has a value for the same row. In the second method, the value of NEWAGE2 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable HOLD_AGE.In the third method, the value of NEWAGE3 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable BEFORE_AGE. The DATA step variable is created in the COMPUTE BEFORE AGE block. Behind the scenes, a DATA step variable changes values only through the code instructions. Also, behind the scenes, GROUP and ORDER numeric input data set variables are internally set to a blank in the printed output report at the RBREAK level. A COMPUTE AFTER block with an assignment statement for a numeric GROUP or ORDER variable at the RBREAK level will be ignored.A DISPLAY is always set to a blank at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. If you are routing the report output to an ODS destination, using a COMPUTE block CALL DEFINE statement with the STYLE attribute name and a path option that will buy out text, such as PRETEXT=, is a way to change by reversal the blank values. A COLUMN relation VARIABLE VERSUS A DATA STEP VARIABLE PROC REPORT creates a column type of output report based on the variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statement. Any variable from the input data set that is to be used as a report column or used in a COMPUTE block has to be listed in the COLUMN statement.The placement of the report items, variables, and statistics in the COLUMN statement is very important. PROC REPORT reads and processes the report items from the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right, blossom-to-bottom direction. Until the report item is refined, it will be initialized to missing for numeric variables and blank for character variables. Once the entire COLUMN statement report-items are processed for a row, PROC REPORT reinitializes all of the report-items back to missing for numeric and blank for character variables.Then PROC REPORT begins the proce ss all over again for the next row of data by processing the report items in the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right direction. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT consolidates all the input data set variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statements for the execution of RBREAK BEFORE and BREAK BEFORE statements. For example, the RBREAK, meaning the report cease, in the following code is calculated first proc report nowd data=sashelp. class col sex age,(height weight) define age / group define height / min format=8. 2 Height min efine weight / scoop shovel format=8. 2 Weight max r ruin before / sum run The output is shown in Output 4. Output 4. PROC REPORT Output Showing the RBREAK Values COMPUTE blocks are also sensitive to the placement of the variables and statistics in the COLUMN statement. As PROC REPORT processes the report-items in a left-to-right direction, any associated COMPUTE blocks are also processed in the same order. This means that in a COMPUTE block that is base d on a COLUMN statement reportitem, any referenced variable or statistic to the right of the COMPUTE block variable is missing.Simply put, PROC REPORT does not know about any report-item that is to the right of the COMPUTE block variable in the COLUMN statement. A DATA step variable, also referred to as a temporary variable, is different from the COLUMN statement variable. A DATA step variable is created and used in a COMPUTE block. It is not part of the COLUMN statement. The value of the DATA step variable comes directly from the code in a COMPUTE block. DATA step variables are often used in IF statements when there is a compare of the current row value to that of the value in the DATA step variable.PROC REPORT recomputes a COMPUTED variable value at every row, including at the BREAK and RBREAK rows. Values are not accumulated. An accumulated value can be calculated mobilely using a DATA step variable in a 5 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popul ar Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued COMPUTE block because the value changes through the code only. Behind the scenes, DATA step variables used to accumulate values also include values at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. Adding an IF statement to check the value of the _BREAK_ automatic variable will help control when the accumulations takes place.In the following code, the computed variable TOTAL_AGE is the sum of two variables from the COLUMN statement. ACCUM_AGE is the accumulated value of AGE stored in the DATA step variable TEMP_AGE. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class col age total_age accum_age height weight define age / group define height / min format=8. 2 Height min define weight / max format=8. 2 Weight max define total_age / computed define accum_age / computed compute total_age if _break_ eq then total_age+age endcomp compute accum_age if _break_ eq then temp_age+age accum_age=temp_age endcomp break after / summarize run The output is shown in Output 5. Output 5. Comparison of the TOTAL_AGE editorial and the ACCUM_AGE Column Notice the difference between the TOTAL_AGE column and the ACCUM_AGE column in Output 5. The TOTAL_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row so that the values are not accumulated. The ACCUM_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row but the TEMP_AGE value is not. TEMP_AGE is a DATA step variable and is not listed in the COLUMN statement. The result is an accumulated column for ACCUM_AGE. The _BREAK_ automatic variable will be blank for detail rows.A quick way to determine the value of a _BREAK_ variable value is to create an output data set with the OUT= option in the PROC REPORT statement and examine the _BREAK_ values in the output data set. DISCOVERING WAYS TO MOVE COLUMN HEADERS By default, the column heading values come from the label in the DEFINE statement. If you do not specifi distinguishy specify a label in your code either in the DEFINE statement or through a LABEL statement, add the LIS T option to the PROC REPORT statement, submit your code, and look at the code that is created in the SAS log.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will generate the default values it needs to create the output report. One of the default values is the label specified in the DEFINE statement. All of the column headings from the label option in the DEFINE statement span over a single column with one exception, variables that are defined as across variables. A column heading for an across variable can span over multiple columns. In the COLUMN statement, a comma after the across variable indicates which variable or group of variables are associated with the across variable.An example of PROC REPORT code containing an across variable is shown below 6 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued title Default Column Headers proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes column neighbourhood carrefour,gross revenue define neighborhoo d / group format= $25. Region define Product / across format= $14. Product define Sales / sum format= DOLLAR12. Total Sales run Output 6 shows the PROC REPORT example output. Output 6.Default Column Heading with an Across Label Spanning over Multiple Columns Behind the scenes, each unique value of an across variable is transposed from a column to a row. The row data is not available for any further processing within the code as it now becomes a column heading. In Output 6, each value of Product becomes a column with the Product value as the column heading. Under each Product column heading value is the Sales variable column heading and data for the particular Product value. The heading label Total Sales for every column is redundant.The output report would look better if Total Sales were removed from under the Product column heading and placed above the Product column headings. PROC REPORT provides a way to add column heading information that can span over multiple columns by using a SPANNED HEADER. The SPANNED HEADER is used in the COLUMN statement in this way column (spanned header text variable-list) The following example code shows three different methods for using the DEFINE statement and SPANNED HEADERS for creating the column heading proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes distinguish=* olumn percentage ((1)Total Sales (1)Product (2)Total Sales*(2)Product product, gross sales) define region / group format= $25. Region define product / across format= $14. (3)Total Sales (3)Product define sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. run You can mix and match the methods. There is no best trust for using each method. The method that you choose depends on the look that you necessitate for the column heading. The output is shown in Output 7. 7 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued Output 7. Moved Column Headings from Different MethodsThe three different methods are numbered in the example code and the output shown in Output 7 method (1) uses multiple SPANNED HEADER text method (2) uses SPANNED HEADER text with the PROC REPORT SPLIT= character of * to force the text to continue on the next row method (3) uses multiple labels in the DEFINE statement (you can also use a split character here). Lets choose method (1) for the column heading and move the column heading to the top row. You can remove the label from the DEFINE statement by replacing the Region text with a blank and moving the Region text to a SPANNED HEADER in the COLUMN statement.There are three rows of headers. This means that the text of Region will need to be pushed up to the top row. You can do this by adding blank SPANNED HEADER text after the Region text in the COLUMN statement. Here is the modified PROC REPORT code with method (1) and the column heading text of Region proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split=* column (Region Region) (Total Sales Product Product , Sales) define Region / group format= $25. define Product / across format= $14. define Sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. run Output 8 shows the output. Output 8.Moving Column Headings Using Blank SPANNED HEADERS Behind the scenes, when there is a blank header row and the output is routed to an ODS destination, the blank row is removed automatically. This does not affect the LISTING output. If you desire to preserve the blank row, change the blank label on one of the DEFINE statements that is not an across variable to some value. Then add a demeanor 8 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued statement for the header, assigning the foreground people of colour to the priming color.For example, if your column heading soil is purplish, then the drift statement for the DEFINE statement would look something like this appearance(header)=background= proud foreground=purple With the background and the foreground assigned to the sam e color, any text in the label will blend into the background color. CHANGING DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES WITH STYLES Beginning with SAS 9. 3, the default output destination is HTML. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT is using the HTMLBLUE style. All the output in this paper all uses this default destination. What if you are not fond of the HTMLBLUE style?Then, what do you do if you want to change the default style of your output report? If you want to change the style of HTMLBLUE to another style that is supplied in the Sashelp. Tmplmst template store, you can run the following code to create a list of all the styles that are available proc template list styles run You can apply the styles by adding an ODS statement with the specified style before the PROC REPORT statement. For example, if you want to use the FESTIVAL style instead of the default HTMLBLUE style, the ODS statement would look similar to this ods html style=festivalPROC REPORT also provides the ability to change the styles of the different report locations. Here are the style location values and a description for each that indicates which part of the report is affected ? ? ? ? ? ? REPORTthe report as a whole HEADERHDRthe column headings COLUMNthe column cells LINESthe lines generated by LINE statements thickthe summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements CALLDEFthe cells identified by a CALL DEFINE statement All of the style locations are valid in the PROC REPORT statement. These styles apply to the entire location that is specified.The style locations can also be combined if the same attribute is being applied to multiple locations. This is the correct syntax style= The following code shows how to apply the styles in the PROC REPORT statement ods html style=festival title expressive styles on the PROC REPORT statement proc report nowd data=sashelp. class(obs=5) split=* style(report)=outputwidth=7in style(column)=background=lavender style(header)=foreground=green style(summary)=background=purple foreground= clean-living style(lines)=background=lime style(calldef)=background=yellow foreground=black olumn name age sex weight height define name / display define age / order define sex / display define heightweight / sum break after age / summarize rbreak after / summarize compute before line this is the beginning endcomp 9 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued compute age if _break_ ne then call define(age,style,style=pretext=total) endcomp run The STYLE options in the preceding PROC REPORT statement are change the output in this way ? ? ? style(report) sets the report output width to 7 inches. style(column) sets the background for all of the columns to lavender. style(header) applies a green foreground to all of the headers. style(summary) sets all of the summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements with a ? ? style(lines) sets the line statements to a background of lime. style(calldef) sets the foreground to black and background to yellow for the CALL DEFINE locations. background of purple and a foreground of white. The resulting report output is shown in Output 9.Output 9. Changing Default Styles in the PROC REPORT Statement The DEFINE statement supports two types of styles STYLE(COLUMN) and STYLE(HEADER). STYLE(COLUMN) applies to the entire column but will not override any styles that are applied to other locations in the column. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the DEFINE statement for the NAME variable that creates the Name column like this define name / display style(column header)=background=plum The background of the HEADER and COLUMN locations for the NAME variable is set to plum.Because styles were applied already to the SUMMARY location, only the header and detail cells for the NAME column are changed to plum. A CALL DEFINE statement is used to override the SUMMARY style for the NAME column. The CALL DEFINE statement is discussed more in the next section. Output 10 is the resulting report output. Output 10. Changing the Default Styles for the NAME Column Using a DEFINE Statement 10 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued The BREAK and RBREAK statements support style changes for summary lines, customized lines, or both.A summary line is created from the BREAK or RBREAK statements. A customized line is created from a LINE statement within a COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER COMPUTE block. The is a break-variable that is defined as either GROUP or ORDER or the _PAGE_ location. A style on the BREAK and RBREAK statements will not override a cell style that is created by a CALL DEFINE statement or the STYLE(CALLDEF) option in the PROC REPORT statement. A CALL DEFINE statement will be used to make the style changes in this case. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the RBREAK statement like this break after / summarize style=ba ckground=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold The COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER supports a style option in the COMPUTE statement. A forward solidus / precedes the style option in the COMPUTE statement. The style option only applies to the LINE statement and will override any previous STYLE(LINES) requests. The style applies to all of the LINE statements within the COMPUTE block. Using the code from this section, a COMPUTE AFTER AGE block is added to show a style modification to the foreground of the LINE statement output. ompute after age/ style=foreground=red line this is after age endcomp A CALL DEFINE is a statement within a COMPUTE block. To change a style using a CALL DEFINE statement, the STYLE attribute is specified for the attribute-name and the style option is specified as the value. The following is the syntax for a CALL DEFINE statement call define (column-id _ROW_ , attribute-name, value) Here is the code with all of the style modifications ods html style=festiv al title Changing Default Attributes with Styles proc report nowd data=sashelp. lass(obs=5) split=* style(report)=outputwidth=7in style(column)=background=lavender style(header)=foreground=green style(summary)=background=purple foreground=white style(lines)=background=lime style(calldef)=background=yellow foreground=black column name age sex weight height define name / display style(column header)=background=plum define age / order define sex / display define heightweight / sum break after age / summarize rbreak after / summarize style=background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold ompute before line this is the beginning endcomp compute age if _break_ ne then call define(age,style,style=pretext=total) endcomp compute after age/ style=foreground=red line this is after age endcomp run The updated output is shown in Output 11. 11 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued Output 11. Final Report Output wi th Changes to Default Attributes Using Style Options You also can change styles by using inline arrange.Inline formatting is a feature of the Output Delivery System that enables you to gather simple formatting text into ODS output by using the ODS ESCAPECHAR statement. For example, here is a TITLE statement and the resulting output title This is style color=red font_weight=bold RED This is RED The inline formatting in the TITLE statement changes the text of RED to the color of red. The caret () in the TITLE statement is the declared ODS ESCAPECHAR. The ODS ESCAPECHAR statement has to be submitted before any inline formatting will take place.The caret () can be any unique character that would not normally be in your code. USING THE CALL DEFINE STATEMENT The previous section discussed using the CALL DEFINE statement as a way to change a style by specifying the STYLE attribute for the attribute-name and the STYLE= option for the value. As mentioned earlier, this is the syntax for the CALL DEFINE statement call define (column-id _ROW_ , attribute-name, value) The column-id is the column name or the column number. The column-id can be specified as one of the following ? ? ? ? ? ? a character literal (in quotation marks) that is the column name a character xpression that resolves to the column name a numeric literal that is the column number a numeric expression that resolves to the column number a name of the form _Cn_, where n is the column number the automatic variable _COL_, which identifies the column that contains the report-item to which the compute block is attached _ROW_ is an automatic variable that indicates that the value is to be applied to the entire row. Currently, the _ROW_ variable is applicable only with the STYLE attribute name. Behind the scenes, all of the COLUMN statement report-items are used to create the report.The columns created from the COLUMN statement report-items are placed in the same order, left to right. Each created column has a column number, beginning with 1 for the left-most column on the report. All report-items have a column number, even if there are NOZERO, NOPRINT, and COMPLETECOLS options specified, because these options are applied after the report is created in memory. The following code shows the column number 12 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued data test nput type $ color $ counter cards aaa purple 1 aaa orange 1 bbb purple 2 ccc orange 2 run proc report nowd data=test missing col counter type,color,counter=num define counter / group define type / across define color / across define num / sum nozero compute num call define(4,style,style=background=purple) endcomp run Output 12 shows the output. Output12. PROC REPORT Output with the Incorrect Column Number Used in a CALL DEFINE Statement In the code above, the CALL DEFINE statement applies a purple background to the fourth column.There is a NOZERO opti on in the DEFINE statement for NUM, which instructs the report to not print that column if all the column values are zero or missing. By adding the SHOWALL option to the PROC REPORT statement and resubmitting the code, the resulting output in Output 13 shows the fourth column with a purple background. The SHOWALL option displays all of the NOPRINT option and NOZERO option columns in the output report. This option, with the LIST option, is good to use when debugging PROC REPORT code. proc report nowd data=test missing showall Output 13.Resulting Output When the SHOWALL Option Is Applied to the PROC REPORT Statement If the intention is to change the background of the fourth column that is shown in Output 13, then here is the correct CALL DEFINE statement call define(5,style,style=background=purple) There is no limit to the number of CALL DEFINE statements that can be used in a COMPUTE block. If there are duplicate styles that need to be applied to different cells, you might want to co nsider consolidating the CALL DEFINE statements. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT calls on the SAS DATA step compiler when a COMPUTE block is used.Most of the SAS DATA step code functionally is available to you when you create code for a COMPUTE block. One consolidation technique is to use a DO loop with a CALL DEFINE to loop through the column number to apply a style. Using the code in this section, here is a modification to the COMPUTE NUM block 13 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued compute num call define(_row_,style,style=background=wheat) do purple_column= 3 to 5 by 2 call define(purple_column,style,style=background=purple foreground=white font_weight=bold) end ndcomp The output is shown in Output 14. Output 14. Output Using Modified Code from the COMPUTE NUM Block We have seen examples of using the attribute name of STYLE. There are other attribute name calling that can be used. For example, if yo u want to make the contents of each cell a concern to a specified Uniform Resource Locator (URL), you can use the URL attribute as the attribute-name and the link as the value. Before ODS, and yes, there was a time before ODS, there was the Output Window ( cognize now as the LISTING destination). The only attribute that is specified in a CALL DEFINE statement for use in the Output Window is the change attribute. Once ODS was introduced in SAS 7, the ability to use the FORMAT attribute included all output destinations. _ROW_ cannot be used when the FORMAT attribute name is specified in the CALL DEFINE statement. The best use of the FORMAT attribute can be illustrated by using the output from a PROC MEANS using the default statistics. The following PROC MEANS code creates an output data set and a PROC PRINT to print the output proc means data=sashelp. class nway where age=15 class age var weight height output out=means_output run proc print run The output is shown in Output 15.Outpu t 15. PROC PRINT Output In looking at the output in Output 15, it really does not make sense for the N statistic for the WEIGHT and HEIGHT variables to have decimals. PROC REPORT allows an easy way to change the format for these two cells by using the CALL DEFINE statement within a COMPUTE block. The following PROC REPORT shows the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute. 14 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued proc report nowd data=means_output col age _stat_ weight height define age / order efine _stat_ / display define weight / sum format=8. 2 define height / sum format=8. 2 compute height if _stat_=N then do call define(Weight. sum,format,8. ) call define(Height. sum,format,8. ) end endcomp run The results are shown in Output 16. Output 16. PROC REPORT Output with a Cell Format Change The first row under the headers in Output 16 shows the N statistic for both the WEIGHT and HEIGHT columns without deci mals. Any time there is a need to change the format of a cell within a column, the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute is the best method to use.The other choice would be to create a computed character variable version of the value with the desired format. But what fun would that be? EXPLORING MULTILABEL FORMATTING TO CREATE SUBGROUP COMBINATIONS You might be asking yourself, what is multilabel formatting? Admittedly, the concept of multilabel formatting baffled me at first. I knew other procedures such as PROC TABULATE and PROC MEANS worked with multilabel formatting, and therefore could not envision it with PROC REPORT. Multilabel formatting enables PROC REPORT to use a format label or labels for a given range or crossingping ranges to create a combination of subgroups.The multilabel formats are applied to either group or across variables. It was not until I had a scenario where I needed to create a report with various subgroupings that I began to appreciate using multilabel for matting. Unfortunately, because multilabel formatting was not available for PROC REPORT in the version of SAS that I was using, my only choice was to slice and cube the data prior to the PROC REPORT step. Multilabel formatting is new for PROC REPORT in SAS 9. 3. The multilabel format is created with PROC FORMAT. The option of multilabel within parentheses is applied to the VALUE statement after the format name.A syntax error, such as the following, will occur in the SAS log if the multilabel option is added without the parentheses ERROR 22-322 Syntax error, expecting one of the following a quoted string, a numeric constant, a datetime constant, a missing value, , (, LOW, OTHER. ERROR 202-322 The option or parameter is not recognized and will be ignored. If there are overlapping ranges on the labels of the VALUE statement, error messages such as the following will be created in the SAS log for each overlapping range ERROR These two ranges overlap LOW-16 and 11-13 (fuzz=1E-12).ERROR These two ranges overlap 11-14 and 11-15 (fuzz=1E-12). In the following example PROC FORMAT code, the multilabel option within parentheses is listed after the format name of AGEFMT in the VALUE statement 15 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued proc format value agefmt (multilabel) 11-13 = 11 to 13 11-14 = 11 to 14 11-15 = 11 to 15 11-high =11 and above low-16 =16 and below run You might have noticed that some of the labels contain leading blanks.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT applies the format before creating groups and the formatted values are used for ordination. Without the leading spaces, the category of 11 and above will be the first group printed because an a in and precedes a t in to for an ascending ordering schema. Adding leading spaces is a way to en authoritative the desired grouping order. In the example PROC REPORT code below, AGEFMT format is added to the DEFINE AGE statement. Notice th at there is also the option of MLF. The MLF option is required when multilabel formatting is desired. itle Multilabel Formatting proc report data=sashelp. class nowd col sex age (Mean height weight) define sex / group define age / group mlf format=agefmt. Age Groups define height / mean format=6. 2 Height (in. ) define weight / mean format=6. 2 Weight (lbs. ) rbreak after / summarize run The output is shown below in Output 17. Output 17. Multilabel Formatting HTML Output The multilabel formatting is applied only to a group or across variable. If you try to apply the MLF option to any other definition, a warning message will be produced.For example, if the group variable is changed to an order variable for the DEFINE AGE statement, the SAS log will show the following warning WARNING The MLF option is valid only with GROUP and ACROSS variables. MLF will have no effect for the variable age. If you need to create a detailed report instead of a summary report, you can change any other gr oup variable to an order variable or add an order variable. For example, using the code in this section, if the DEFINE SEX/GROUP is changed to DEFINE SEX/ORDER, a detailed report showing a row for every observation from the input data set will be produced. 16PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued DID YOU KNOW Now that you know the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT, here are some other little-known facts of interest. Did you know that PROC REPORT started out as an synergistic windowing product and the interactive window is the default environment? Are you not sure what an interactive window is? Most of us have accidentally invoked PROC REPORT code without the NOWD, NOWINDOWS, or the NOFS option and end up in an unfamiliar window. This unfamiliar window is actually the REPORT window.Here is sample PROC REPORT code that invokes the REPORT window proc report data=sashelp. class run The REPORT window i s shown in boast 1. Display 1. The REPORT Window Showing PROC REPORT Code In fact, the REPORT window can be found in different places of SAS. For example, the Report Editor under the Tools menu and the Design Report plectron under Reporting in the Solutions menu item both invoke the REPORT window. Entering TREPORT in the command line box will also invoke the REPORT WINDOW. For anyone new to PROC REPORT, using the report in the window mode is a wonderful way to quickly create an immediate report.The code can be found in the Report Statements selection located in the Tools menu from the REPORT window. For experienced PROC REPORT coders, using the REPORT window to create the code saves time typing. Make sure that the NOWD option is added to the PROC REPORT statement when you are running in an editor. As new options are added to PROC REPORT, most of them will also work in the windowing mode. The exception is with ODS. The windowing mode of PROC REPORT does not support any of the ODS f unctionality. So check it out Also, did you know that for SAS Enterprise Guide users, there is a wizard that uses PROC REPORT behind the scenes?It is called the List Report wizard. You can invoke the List Report window through the come upon selection under the Tasks menu item. The List Report wizard was designed for the user who has little to no SAS or PROC REPORT experience. Only the underlying code reveals that PROC REPORT was used behind the scenes. Display 2 shows the SAS Enterprise Guide List Report wizard. Display 2. The SAS Enterprise Guide List Report magician 17 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued CONCLUSIONSo there you have it. We have discovered the secrets behind how PROC REPORT is made by exploring a numeric variable in a COMPUTE block, the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable, and ways to move column headings, change attributes with styles, use the CA LL DEFINE statement, and explore the multilabel formatting. We dug deep into example code and even unwrapped some of the little known facts about PROC REPORT. That is all the time we have and thank you for taking part in PROC REPORT Unwrapped RECOMMENDED READING Booth, Allison McMahill. 2011. Beyond the Basics Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks Updated for SAS 9. 2. Proceedings of the SAS Global meeting place 2012 Conference. Cary, NC SAS imbed Inc. usable at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings11/246-2011. pdf. Booth, Allison McMahill. 2010. Evolve from a Carpenters Apprentice to a Master woodworker Creating a Plan for Your Reports and Avoiding Common Pitfalls in REPORT Procedure Coding. Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2010 Conference. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. obtainable at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings10/1332010. pdf.Booth, Allison McMahill. 2007. Beyond the Basics Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks. Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2007 Conference. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/rnd/papers/sgf07/sgf2007-report. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. Find Your Answer in the SAS Knowledge Base. SAS guest Support vane Site. Available at support. sas. com/resources/. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. REPORT Procedure. Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. tmp0bqogcics9o4xn17yvt2qjbgdpi. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. REPORT Procedure Windows. Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. htmp10d8v5dnafqb9n1p35e7kp9q67e. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. The REPORT Procedure Getting Started with the Basics. Technical Paper. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/ProcReportBasics. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. Using Style Elements in the REPORT and TABULATE Procedure s. Technical Paper.Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/stylesinprocs. pdf. CONTACT breeding Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged. Contact the author at Allison McMahill Booth SAS Institute Inc. SAS Campus Drive Cary, NC 27513 E-mail emailprotected com Web support. sas. com SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their individual companies. 18