Science vs Religion Essays -- Human Evolution vs Relgion

Science is not only compatible with spirituality it is a profound source of spirituality. When we describe our place in an immensity of lightyears and in the passage of ages, when we grasp the intricacy, beauty, and subtlety of life, then that soaring feeling, that sense of elation and humility combined, is sure enough spiritual. The notion that experience and spirituality are somehow mutually exclusive does a disservice to both. -- Carl SaganStudents bring with them many an(prenominal) assumptions about science, about worship, and about their relationship. These assumptions may impact, positively or negatively, their willingness and ability to engage the scientific study of human origins. This essay is exitd as a guide to begin thinking about science and religion in the context of the possible interactions of apparitional world scans with a scientific account of human evolution and origins. In other words, this essay will apologise how human evolution and religion can pea cefully coexist.What is science?Science is a way to understand spirit by developing explanations for the structures, processes and history of nature that can be tested by observations in laboratories or in the field. Sometimes such observations are direct, like measuring the chemical composition of a rock. Other times these observations are indirect, like determining the presence of an exoplanet through the wobble of its host star. An explanation of some aspect of nature that has been well support by such observations is a theory. Well-substantiated theories are the foundations of human understanding of nature. The pursuit of such understanding is science.What is religion?Religion, or more appropriately religions, are heathenish phenomena comprised of social institutions, traditions of practice, literatures, sacred texts and stories, and sacred places that identify and convey an understanding of ultimate meaning. Religions are very diverse. While it is common for religions to identify the ultimate with a divinity fudge (like the western monotheisms Judaism, Christianity, Islam) or deities, not all do. There are non-theistic religions, like Buddhism.What is the difference between science and religion?Although science does not provide proofs, it does provide explanations. Science depends on deliberate, explicit and formal testing (in the natural world) of explanations for the wa... ...e is practiced without reference to religion. God may be an ultimate explanation, but God is not a scientific explanation. This approach to science is called methodological naturalism. However, this method of isolating religious interests from scientific research is not an example of the separation approach. Historically, this bracketing out of religious questions in the practice of scientific inquiry was promoted by religious thinkers in the 18th and 19th centuries as the most fruitful way to discover penultima rather than ultimate explanations of the structures an d processes of nature.A third possibility for the relationship between science and religion, one of interaction, at minimum holds that dialogue between science and religion can be valuable, more that science and religion can constructively benefit from engagement, and at maximum envisions a convergence of scientific and religious perspectives. Generally, this view encourages an effort to explore the significance of scientific understanding for religious understanding and vice versa. With this approach science remains relevant beyond the classroom for many people who might otherwise ignore scientific findings.

International criminal court Essay -- essays research papers fc

ICC and AmericaOver the past few years, the International whitlow Court (ICC or the Court) has been igniting controversy the world over. As more countries rallied behind it, more objections dumbfound been made, particularly from Americans, regarding what many view as underlying flaws. I perk up chosen two papers to compare and contrast the different viewpoints taken by the authors when reflecting upon Americas involvement with the ICC. One telephones for intact rejection of the ICC, the other weighs the risks and benefits and calls for revision but acceptance.The first article, entitled National Constitutional Compatibility and the International Criminal Court, is written by Helen Duffy and published in the Duke diary of proportional and International Law. The second article, entitled Reasonable Doubt The Case against the Proposed International Criminal Court, is written by Gary T. Dempsey and published online at the Cato play website. Duffys article was published late in 20 01, a contrast to Dempseys article which was published in 1998, just one day antecedent to the International Rome conference on July 17th that resulted in the establishment of the ICC. Many of the incongruencies in the ICC treaty that troubled Americans three years ago have yet to be brought into balance with American values. These two papers give similar, although at times slightly different, viewpoints on the issue.Dempsey criticizes the ICC before it has even been birthed into existence. Specifically, the court threatens to settle Americas sovereignty, produce arbitrary and highly politicized justice, and grow into a jurisdictional leviathan. He expresses his lack of faith in the Courts talent to complement national governments and their respective judicial systems while refraining from infringing upon their sovereignty. He is explicitly clear in his position, stating in his paper that, For those and other reasons, the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives should have decent grounds torefuse to ratify and to fund the International Criminal Court. Duffy brings the issue up, adding pertinent information concerning other governments constitutions and how some other nations have gone so far as to amend their own constitution to accommodate their acceptance of the ICCs regulations. A small number ... ...ntradiction of terms. If the Court finds it unsatisfactory, doesnt that imply that the Court already believes the authorities are not doing justice? How much convincing would they need? Duffy again points out the need for revision in the treaty.Both papers share a similar overview from remarkably different viewpoints. Many of the somewhat extremist views that Dempsey takes are tempered through Duffys call for consideration and revision. As the ICC moves forward with the trial of Slobodan Milosevic and others to come, it is important to cooperate harmoniously with the rest of the worlds nations, seeking justice and guidance. At the same time, we must (prenominal) not lose sight of those rights and responsibilities that make us one of the greatest nations on earth.Works CitedNational Constitutional Compatibility and the International Criminal Court. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law. Helen Duffy. 2001. http//www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?11+Duke+J.+Comp.+&+Intl+L.+5Reasonable Doubt The Case against the Proposed International Criminal Court. Gary T. Dempsey. 16 July. 1998. http//www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-311.html

The Case Against Standardized Tests Essay -- Standardized Testing Essa

Standardized testing assesses students, teachers, and the school itself, which puts a great deal of pressure on the students. High scores show that the school is effective in teaching students, while low test scores make teachers and schools look as though they are not teaching the students properly. This is not always the case. thither are teachers who do teach students what they need to know to pass the test, but their students are still unprepared. Although teachers try to improve instruction, student performance is still variable to other factors that the school cannot control.Standardized tests cover certain material, which gives teachers something specific to teach. This is helpful, in that it allows teachers to know exactly what to teach. It also sets up a goal for the teachers, which is to get the students to pass. However, this butt on leaves something to be desired. Because the test is so important to the future of the students, teachers, and school, helping students to p ass test becomes the most important part of their schooling. This restricts the educators from teaching students about things that are to a greater extent important. College is usually next step for students after high school so it would seem logical that high school prepares them for college, but teachers are so picky preparing students for the test that they are not preparing them for the future. Consequently, students arrive at college ill-prepared, with shallow educations (Gitlin).For some students, the time they have in the classroom is not enough for them to grasp the topic. opus teachers usually offer a period for students to see them for extra help, some students do not have time for this. Most students have commitments outside of the classroom, such(prenominal) as m... ... the students full knowledge of the subject. Many standardized test leave out material that students dog-tired months learning, making the time they spent on this material a total waste (Worthen). Work s CitedEvans, Donia. The Case Against Standardized Tests. The Meridian Star. 24 Nov. 2013. The Meridian Star. 01 Dec. 2013 .Gitlin, Todd. TheLiberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut. The run-in of Composition Reading, Writing, and Rhetoric. Ed. Shea, Renee H., Lawrence Scanlonn, and Robin Dissin Aufses. Boston Bedford, 2008. 155-157. Print.Worthen, Blaine R., and Vicki Spandel. Putting the Standardized Testing Debate in Perspective. Educational Leadership Feb. 1991 65-69. ASCD. 1 Dec. 2013 .

The War :: essays research papers

The Persian Gulf War all started because of one countrys greed for oil. Iraq accused Kuwait of pumping oil and non communion the benefits, and Kuwait was pumping to a greater extent oil than allowed under quotas set by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, it decreased the price of oil, Iraqs main export. Iraqs complaints against Kuwait grew more and more harsh, but they were mostly about money. When Iraqi forces began to assemble near the Kuwaiti border in the summer of 1990, several Arab states tried to intervene the dispute. Kuwait did not want to look weak so they did not ask for any help from the United States or other non-Arab powers for support. Arab mediators convinced Iraq and Kuwait to negotiate their differences in Saudi-Arabian Arabia, on August 1, 1990, but that meeting resulted only in charges and countercharges. A second meeting was planned to take place in Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, but Iraq invaded Kuwait the next day, leading some people to think th at Iraqi president Saddam Hussein had planned the invasion all along.The Iraqi attack began shortly after(prenominal) midnight on August 2. About 150,000 Iraqi troops, many of them veterans of the Iran-Iraq War, easily overwhelmed the unprepared and inexperienced Kuwaiti forces, which numbered about 20,000. By dawn, Iraq had fictional control of Kuwait City, the capital, and was soon in complete control of the country. The United Nation trade protection Council and the Arab League immediately condemned the Iraqi invasion. Four days later, the Security Council forced an economic restriction on Iraq that forbidden nearly all trades with Iraq. Any armed attempt to roll back the Iraqi invasion depended on Saudi Arabia, which shares a border with Iraq and Kuwait. Saudi Arabia did not have the power to fight Iraq alone .So Saudi rulers did eventually open the country to foreign forces, in mainly because they were worried by Iraqs aggressive negotiations also U.S. intelligence reports c laimed that Iraqi forces were well positioned for a strike against Saudi Arabia. Beginning a week after the Iraqi take over of Kuwait and continuing for several months, a large international force called the international coalition gathered in Saudi Arabia. The United States sent more than 400,000 troops, and more than 200,000 additional troops came from Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, France, Kuwait, Egypt, Syria, Senegal, Niger, Morocco, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain.

Comanche Indians Essay -- essays research papers

COMANCHE INDIANSThe Comanches, exceptional horsemen who dominated the Southern Plains, played a prominent role in Texas verge history throughout untold of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Anthropological evidence indicates that they were originally a mountain kinfolk, a branch of the Northern Shoshones, who roamed the Great water parting region of the western unify States as crudely equipped hunters and gatherers. Both cultural and linguistic similarities confirm the Comanches Shoshone origins. The Comanche vocabulary is derived from the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family and is virtually identical to the language of the Northern Shoshones. Sometime during the tardily seventeenth century, the Comanches acquired horses, and that acquisition drastically altered their culture. The life of the pedestrian tribe was revolutionized as they rapidly evolved into a mounted, well-equipped, and powerful people. Their new(a) mobility allowed them to leave their mountain crime syndica te and their Shoshone neighbors and move onto the plains of eastern Colorado and western Kansas, where game was plentiful. After their arrival on the Great Plains, the Comanches began a southern migration that was promote by a faction of factors. By moving south, they had greater access to the mustangs of the Southwest. The warm climate and abundant buffalo were additional incentives for the southern migration. The move to a fault facilitated the acquisition of French hand goods, including firearms, through barter with the Wichita Indians on the Red River. Pressure from more powerful and better-armed tribes to their north and east, principally the Blackfoot and Crow Indians, also encourage their migration. A vast region of the South Plains, including much of North, Central, and West Texas, soon became Comanche country, or Comancheria. Only after their arrival on the Southern Plains did the tribe induce to be kn receive as Comanches, a name derived from the Ute word Komdnteia, m eaning "enemy," or, literally, "anyone who wants to fight me all the time." The Spaniards in New Meadco, who encountered the Comanches in the early eighteenth century, gave the tribe the name by which they were afterward known to Spaniards and Americans able. Although the tribe came to be known historically as Comanches, they called themselves Nermernuh, or "the the great unwashed." The Comanches did not arrive on the South Plain... ...orld warfare ll. accelerated the breakup of Comanche union as members of the tribe left to find jobs in the defense industry or join the military service. In the postwar years, the Comanche population continued to pass on in search of economic opportunity. In the 1960s the Comanches, encouraged by a resurgence of Indian nationalism, began to work in concert to rebuild their society. They underwent important semipolitical changes because of that initiative. They seceded from the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Intertribal Business Co mmittee, which had served as their government since passage of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936. Although they maintained ties with the Kiowas and Apaches, the Comanches established their own tribal government, which operates in a bustling complex near Lawton, Oklahoma. In 1995, the Comanches had an enrolled tribal population of 9,722 scattered across the United States. For them the pow-wow, or dance gathering, had deform an important method of maintaining Comanche kinship. The People are also united by pride in their rich Comanche heritage, an element that has remained constant through years of profligate change.       Comanche Indians Essay -- essays research papers COMANCHE INDIANSThe Comanches, exceptional horsemen who dominated the Southern Plains, played a prominent role in Texas frontier history throughout much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Anthropological evidence indicates that they were originally a mountain tribe, a branch of the Northern Shoshones, who roamed the Great Basin region of the western United States as crudely equipped hunters and gatherers. Both cultural and linguistic similarities confirm the Comanches Shoshone origins. The Comanche language is derived from the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family and is virtually identical to the language of the Northern Shoshones. Sometime during the late seventeenth century, the Comanches acquired horses, and that acquisition drastically altered their culture. The life of the pedestrian tribe was revolutionized as they rapidly evolved into a mounted, well-equipped, and powerful people. Their new mobility allowed them to leave their mountain home and their Shoshone neighbors and move onto the plains of eastern Colorado and western Kansas, where game was plentiful. After their arrival on the Great Plains, the Comanches began a southern migration that was encouraged by a combination of factors. By moving south, they had greater access to the mustangs of the Southwest. The warm climate and abundant buffalo were additional incentives for the southern migration. The move also facilitated the acquisition of French trade goods, including firearms, through barter with the Wichita Indians on the Red River. Pressure from more powerful and better-armed tribes to their north and east, principally the Blackfoot and Crow Indians, also encouraged their migration. A vast area of the South Plains, including much of North, Central, and West Texas, soon became Comanche country, or Comancheria. Only after their arrival on the Southern Plains did the tribe come to be known as Comanches, a name derived from the Ute word Komdnteia, meaning "enemy," or, literally, "anyone who wants to fight me all the time." The Spaniards in New Meadco, who encountered the Comanches in the early eighteenth century, gave the tribe the name by which they were later known to Spaniards and Americans able. Although the tribe came to be known historically a s Comanches, they called themselves Nermernuh, or "the People." The Comanches did not arrive on the South Plain... ...orld War ll. accelerated the breakup of Comanche society as members of the tribe left to find jobs in the defense industry or join the military service. In the postwar years, the Comanche population continued to disperse in search of economic opportunity. In the 1960s the Comanches, encouraged by a resurgence of Indian nationalism, began to work together to rebuild their society. They underwent important political changes because of that initiative. They seceded from the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Intertribal Business Committee, which had served as their government since passage of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936. Although they maintained ties with the Kiowas and Apaches, the Comanches established their own tribal government, which operates in a bustling complex near Lawton, Oklahoma. In 1995, the Comanches had an enrolled tribal population of 9,722 scatt ered across the United States. For them the pow-wow, or dance gathering, had become an important method of maintaining Comanche kinship. The People are also united by pride in their rich Comanche heritage, an element that has remained constant through years of tumultuous change.      

Comanche Indians Essay -- essays research papers

COMANCHE INDIANSThe Comanches, exceptional horsemen who prevail the Southern Plains, played a prominent role in Texas frontier history throughout very much of the eighteenth and 19th centuries. Anthropological evidence indicates that they were primitively a mountain population, a branch of the Northern Shoshones, who roamed the Great Basin region of the western United States as ingenuously equipped hunters and gatherers. Both ethnic and linguistic similarities confirm the Comanches Shoshone origins. The Comanche language is derived from the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family and is virtually identical to the language of the Northern Shoshones. Sometime during the late seventeenth century, the Comanches acquired horses, and that skill drastically altered their culture. The invigoration of the pedestrian folks was revolutionized as they rapidly evolved into a mounted, well-equipped, and powerful people. Their new mobility allowed them to leave their mountain home and their Shosho ne neighbors and move onto the plains of easterly Colorado and western Kansas, where zippy was plentiful. After their arrival on the Great Plains, the Comanches began a southern migration that was encouraged by a combination of factors. By pitiful south, they had greater access to the mustangs of the Southwest. The prompt climate and abundant buffalo were additional incentives for the southern migration. The move in any case facilitated the acquisition of French trade goods, including firearms, through calling with the Wichita Indians on the Red River. imperativeness from more powerful and better-armed tribes to their north and east, principally the Blackfoot and Crow Indians, also encouraged their migration. A vast area of the South Plains, including much of North, Central, and West Texas, soon became Comanche country, or Comancheria. Only after their arrival on the Southern Plains did the tribe come to be known as Comanches, a induce derived from the Ute word Komdnteia, meani ng "enemy," or, literally, "anyone who wants to appointment me all the time." The Spaniards in New Meadco, who encountered the Comanches in the early eighteenth century, gave the tribe the name by which they were later known to Spaniards and Americans able. Although the tribe came to be known historically as Comanches, they called themselves Nermernuh, or "the People." The Comanches did not arrive on the South Plain... ...orld War ll. accelerated the breakup of Comanche society as members of the tribe left to find jobs in the defense industry or join the military service. In the postwar years, the Comanche population continued to disperse in expect of economic opportunity. In the mid-sixties the Comanches, encouraged by a resurgence of Indian nationalism, began to work together to rebuild their society. They underwent important political changes because of that initiative. They seceded from the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Intertribal lineage Committee, which ha d served as their government since passing of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936. Although they maintained ties with the Kiowas and Apaches, the Comanches established their own tribal government, which operates in a bustling involved near Lawton, Oklahoma. In 1995, the Comanches had an enrolled tribal population of 9,722 scattered across the United States. For them the pow-wow, or dance gathering, had become an important method of maintaining Comanche kinship. The People are also united by pluck in their rich Comanche heritage, an element that has remained constant through years of tumultuous change.       Comanche Indians Essay -- essays research papers COMANCHE INDIANSThe Comanches, exceptional horsemen who dominated the Southern Plains, played a prominent role in Texas frontier history throughout much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Anthropological evidence indicates that they were originally a mountain tribe, a branch of the Northern Shoshones, who roamed the Great Basin region of the western United States as crudely equipped hunters and gatherers. Both cultural and linguistic similarities confirm the Comanches Shoshone origins. The Comanche language is derived from the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family and is virtually identical to the language of the Northern Shoshones. Sometime during the late seventeenth century, the Comanches acquired horses, and that acquisition drastically altered their culture. The life of the pedestrian tribe was revolutionized as they rapidly evolved into a mounted, well-equipped, and powerful people. Their new mobility allowed them to leave their mountain home and their Shoshone neighbors and move onto the plains of eastern Colorado and western Kansas, where game was plentiful. After their arrival on the Great Plains, the Comanches began a southern migration that was encouraged by a combination of factors. By moving south, they had greater access to the mustangs of the Southwest . The warm climate and abundant buffalo were additional incentives for the southern migration. The move also facilitated the acquisition of French trade goods, including firearms, through barter with the Wichita Indians on the Red River. Pressure from more powerful and better-armed tribes to their north and east, principally the Blackfoot and Crow Indians, also encouraged their migration. A vast area of the South Plains, including much of North, Central, and West Texas, soon became Comanche country, or Comancheria. Only after their arrival on the Southern Plains did the tribe come to be known as Comanches, a name derived from the Ute word Komdnteia, meaning "enemy," or, literally, "anyone who wants to fight me all the time." The Spaniards in New Meadco, who encountered the Comanches in the early eighteenth century, gave the tribe the name by which they were later known to Spaniards and Americans able. Although the tribe came to be known historically as Comanches, the y called themselves Nermernuh, or "the People." The Comanches did not arrive on the South Plain... ...orld War ll. accelerated the breakup of Comanche society as members of the tribe left to find jobs in the defense industry or join the military service. In the postwar years, the Comanche population continued to disperse in search of economic opportunity. In the 1960s the Comanches, encouraged by a resurgence of Indian nationalism, began to work together to rebuild their society. They underwent important political changes because of that initiative. They seceded from the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Intertribal Business Committee, which had served as their government since passage of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936. Although they maintained ties with the Kiowas and Apaches, the Comanches established their own tribal government, which operates in a bustling complex near Lawton, Oklahoma. In 1995, the Comanches had an enrolled tribal population of 9,722 scattered across the United States. For them the pow-wow, or dance gathering, had become an important method of maintaining Comanche kinship. The People are also united by pride in their rich Comanche heritage, an element that has remained constant through years of tumultuous change.      

The Differences of Bush and Clinton as Presidents

As a traditional upper-class Republican conservative, bush-league was a cheerleader for American consumer capitalism and promoted globalization of American-produced products in a New arena Order safeguarded by the Reagan Doctrine and arms sales to client countries. However, neither Bush nor Secretary of State Baker had the vision thing and instead remained practical caretakers of the Reagan Revolution. The economic recession 1990-92, white collar downsizing, the loss of 2 million jobs, the need to raise taxes to pay for the Reagan deficit, and a hostile Congress controlled by the pop Party pr military issueed the realization of the new order.In 1989, Bush stopped the sales of weapons to the Republic of China because a revolt was triggering between the government of China and its quite a little that there was a lot killed in Tiananmen Square. In 1990, the chairman was in favor of increasing the taxes paid by the employees so that they can cope up with the increasing debts of U.S . plainly with this, his popularity started to sink because people knew that he was against it. Several other factors were key in his defeat, including siding with Congressional Democrats in 1990 to raise taxes despite his renowned Read my lips No new taxes pledge not to institute any new taxes (Wikipedia, 2005). That was one of the causations why he was not re-elected as president.William Jefferson Clinton became the 42nd President of the United States since 1993 until 2001. He was elected as the president twice but on his second verge he was for impeachment. According to Wikipedia 2005During his tenure as president, his interior(prenominal) priorities include efforts to create a universal healthcare system, upgrade education, to restrict handgun sales, to strengthen environmental regulations, to improve race relations, and to protect the jobs of leaners during pregnancy or checkup emergency. His domestic agenda also included more conservative themes such as reforming welfar e programs, expanding the War on Drugs, and increasing law enforcement funding. Internationally, his priorities included reducing trade barriers, preventing nuclear proliferation, and mediating the Northern Ireland peace touch and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.What is fact and what is a bias opinion as it relates to the two administrations?There was a statistics do by Ackman (2004) on the relation of the presidents performance during their term. As summarized, Bush was ranked the least because of his poor performance. And Clinton was ranked higher that Bush because he performed well during his term especially his first term. According to Ackman (2004)Clintons two terms in office (1993-2001) were marked by strong numbers for gross domestic product (gross domestic product) and physical exercise growth and especially for deficit reduction.The key to Clintons success, says Alice Rivlin, a Brookings Institution scholar who served as his director of management and budget, was adhering to the pay/go agreement first defective by President George H. W. Bush and a Democratic Congress, whereby tax cuts or entitlement increases had to be funded on a current basis. She says Clinton raised taxes at just the right hand timewhen incomes were starting to rise after years of stagnationleading to a surge of receipts. The way out was the smallest government in terms of its percentage of GDP since Johnson, and the first substantial budget surpluses since Harry S. Truman. How the public viewed Clinton and Bush both pro and con?During the term of Bush, people hoped for security and prosperity and he was equal to(p) to attain the security but a slight below of the progress maybe because of his concentration on the foreign policy. As according to the online source, http//americanhistory.si.edu/presidency/timeline/pres_era/3_701.htmlBush proved most sure-footed in foreign policy, where, according to one observer, he proved a master of both timing and substance. More widely trav eled than any other President, he managed the policy transitions prompted by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. Perhaps his greatest success was the alliance he crafted to thwart Iraqs forceful takeover of Kuwait in 1990.During the first term of Clinton, he won the masses because he worked hard and implemented both(prenominal) of his platforms but then there were some objections on his other decisions. Such examples are, based on Wikipedia (2005)Shortly after taking office, Clinton fulfilled a campaign forebode by signing the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow their employees to take unpaid leave because of pregnancy or serious medical condition. While this action was popular, Clintons initial reluctance to fulfill another campaign promise relating to the acceptance of openly homosexual members of the military garnered criticism from both the left wing (for being too tentative in promoting gay rights) and the r ight (for being too insensitive to military life). After much debate, Clinton implemented the Dont ask, dont tell policy, which cadaver official military policy.Did the media treat them each fairly and without bias?With President George H. W. Bush, the media treated him fairly during his administration. Regarding the taxes he imposed, the public did not clearly understand the reason for increasing and adding the tax that was one of the concerns of the people, they relied on the medias information but not directly to the authorized personnel.With President Bill Clinton, the media did treat him fairly during his administration and how he handle his office but then when news about his affair with Monica Lewinsky, he was not treated fairly, they judged them on what they think is due to him without due process that was one of the reason why his popularity had dropped. But even if he was under hot situation he did not leave his office, he continued to work and he proved that his personal life will not affect his service to the people.What legacy did and will they each leave?During the term of Bush, major event has happened with the help of the United States such as the Tiananmen Square where he stopped the sales of weapons because of the civil war. The fall of Berlin Wall, this was participated by different countries including the U.S. And most especially the disconnectedness War where in they initiated the attacked of American to Iraq for trying to invade Kuwait. The last legacy during his term that he left was he organized the North American innocuous Trade Agreement but it was Clinton, during his term that it was signed.The most important item on Clintons legislative agenda, however, was a complex health care reform plan, the result of a task force headed by Hillary Clinton, aimed at achieving universal coverage (Wikipedia, 2005). The health care program will benefit most of the Americans but insurances and some traditionalists do not like the idea of this ref orm plan. The economy improved because unemployment were reduced, the stock market raised and the employees income were raised. But then, it will also be say that Clinton was the 2nd President who went through impeachment because of what happened between him and one of his staff Monica Lewinsky. At first he denied it but soon he accepted it and asked for the peoples mercy.

Discussion. Digital Nation

Students felt that computing class is less boring than original classes. Also, newborn students can learn what netiquette is. Another example was Bubby cooks. Through her story, I could find that humans culture can adopted into technical environment by societal services such as twitter, Youth, and personal blobs. 2) Is customizing the message and targeting resources tailored around consumer preferences and habits a good thing? An efficient use of resources? Dealt nations customize each consumer because galore(postnominal) business people try to close to consumers by virtual systems.Virtual systems are a kind of online space. Through the virtual systems, people can imagine their mercantile goals and create new situations. Also, they can discover diverse unique situations such as crisis markets. For example, according to World Dairy Expo sass, Technology has made inscrutable inroads into the world of dairy farming, helping manage day-to-day chores and collecting and analyzing the large batches of data a herd of cattle generates daily (Acrobat 42). It means that digital and technical intent influences not only consumers but also some companies.The reason is that many companies can find products and services which have more benefits for their consumers. Also the consumers can gather their consumption and the companies, and they believe digital data that Is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial information to humans life. Although the data and Information sometimes give negative parts, the parts also become a kind of digital life where modern people lives in. Hill, Elizabeth. Big Dairy Enters The epoch of Big Data. Bloomberg Businesslike 22October 2012 41-42 print. Discussion. Digital Nation By alleviators 1) In todays technological immersion environment, do you think the good side of it Technological environment is in truth powerful and complicated to people. The reason is that some people think digital life gives positive and good affections, but Digital nations customize each consumer because many business people try to data that is related with the companies. For this reason, consuming data can give much more beneficial information to humans life.

Motivation Solution Essay

pauperism is the real driving force of a company that culminates the sinless work force of a company into unity tireless engine that runs on towards success. However, it is easier said than done to carry through that flow of motivation in a company because it takes relentless effort from the management to keep every component of the organization motivated.Therefore, I felt reall(a)y happy as an organizational consultant, when the chief operating officer of The Altitude Corporation, Mr. David had sought my assistance to assess and recommend ways and means to improve the state of LOB (Leadership and Organizational Behavior) in his esteemed company. It do me happy on another account that I could successfully pin designate the problem areas and specific solutions for them and Im sure that the application of such solutions would unquestionably make a difference to the future performance of the organization.Therefore, this paper is presented to The Altitude Corporation as part of t he blueprint of the detailed, employee-based analysis, which deals with motivation problem of the company. Here Ive embedded the nuances of motivation with the problem areas to provide an enhanced understanding of motivation and its relation with the company. However, the brief of the problems found in the motivation sector is placed downstairsThe ProblemAn exhaustive study on the motivational state of the 350 employees of the organization is showing that there is serious lack of motivation among the employees, which is the cumulative effect of unhomogeneous factors. These factors have been mentioned along with possible solutions and detailed discussion in this report, besides discussion on the topic to enhance better understanding about the problems of the company.What is Motivation?Background Altitude Corporation is a budding company with 350 employees on its roll at present, where most of the departments are interdependent in executing the miscellaneous levels of operation. Th erefore it is necessary to understand the key concepts of motivation to apply them towards motivating the employees.Motivation is the guiding spirit behind the execution of a chosen action, where it helps to achieve the desired result out of that action. Now this guiding spirit is actually backed by some grand demands of happiness which form the core of all living beings reasoning for survival or to develop as the management guru Shiv Khera says, motivation is a drive that encourages action or feeling. It is a force that can literally change your life (Khera 2004).Motivation Philosophy in Workplace EnvironmentIt may seem that motivation is an automated process, and globe have nothing to meddle into it but it is the degree of its intensity that determines the level of ones achievement and from this perspective motivation is a very measurable factor in human life, which is multidimensional and is not limited to manage just a living for a good number of years. Thus, at the essen tial level motivation is essential for existence, and in its secondary level, it is essential to develop further on aesthetic, emotional or esoteric plane of existence.Likewise, one skill have many goals spread out at various levels of his/her existence and and then requires all of his/her power of body and mind. Here motivation would be that essential catalyst to synchronize the body and mind power of that individual, which would heighten the emotion and passion to achieve all such goals. In this context, motivation philosophy is an exceedingly important in workplace, because all or most of the primary or secondary goals of the employees are either directly or indirectly attached to the success of his/her workplace, which is totally dependent on the motivated action of the employees themselves.Thus it will be pertinent to incorporate motivation theories that have evolved out of workplace surround and I have chosen four such theories for better understanding of the subject from v arious angles, besides showing the correlations among them and the proceedings of the Altitude Corporation.Motivation Theories guess 1 Hierarchy of NeedsThis theory of Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)1 provides an outline of human needs that a manager should know and exploit to motivate the employees, because motivation is guided by unfulfilled needs. Thus Maslows impersonate of needs is invaluable to systematically pursue the needs while keeping the flow of motivation intact.Maslows model (Abraham, 2006) divides the human needs into five broad based categories and they are1. Physiological Needs Air, Water, Nourishment and Sleep these are the basic needs of humans and a company should take care that the employees are having all these in proper measure. Its only after meeting this need, humans can look towards sustenance, and thus arrives the need like Safety need.2. Safety Needs This need covers the issues of safety in both living and in workplace, medical insurance, job security and p ecuniary backup. Company should try to contribute in all of these areas with the view that the problem in any of these areas takes away the focus of the employees. This provides much needed mental place and time to the employees, where they can afford to pursue another vital need like Social Need.3. Social Needs Group activities, kindlyization, or enhanced interpersonal communication are the elements that fulfill the social needs and which are well within the ambit of a company to imbibe in the employees, where they form a sense of belonging, which paves the way for the next need, that is Esteem Need.4. Esteem Needs At this stage humans turn their focus on esteem that involves recognition and social status, at the outer world and self-respect or sense of achievement in ones own mind. This creates the platform to pursue the self-realization process, which is a unique and endless process, where one can bask in the endless discoveries about oneself. Maslow had named this ultimate nee d of humans as Self-actualization. It is thus understood, that an employee would reach his/her highest point of regard about the company, if it can help him/her to reach this state.5. Self-actualization Every human life is ideally poised to pursue this need where one can withdraw deep within and keep on discovering oneself from many perspective both on mental and physical plane it is something like playing in ones own garden in Maslows words, Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are moments of profound happiness and harmony (Maslows, 2008).

Liesel

Melange was a brave young girl who developed Into a kind, esteem young woman. Elise will always be remembered as a determined woman. Leases life was t cough, but during those times, she discovered herself. Less lost her family at a young age. Her mother was unable to care for her, as a result Else was sent to foster parents, Hans and Ross a Hibernate, to care for her.Else grew up In a trying time period, World War II, her foster parents aided her as much as they could and tried their best to raise her as their own. She grew up on Hi Mel driveway in Mulching, Germany. She often played with the neighborhood children and they all enjoyed the game of soccer. The neighborhood games was where Elise met her best friend, Rudy Steiner. Rudy Steiner and Lies Engineer created a very special bond. Rudy deseed irately love Lies, but Lies only cared for him as a friend.Lies and Rudy not only played Soc ere, but they also stole. The two were known to steal apples from farmers. Elise was a smart and apt girl. She was determined and if she set her mind on something, she would get it done. Lies was given no educational attention till she w as nearly ten days old, but she made a mission to learn to read and write. It took time but she soon was one of the best readers in her class. Less Melange set about many difficult times In her life.She lost many people In her life ND Less was once faced with bearing the mystery story that a Jew was living In her basemen NT(he later had to leave do to safety Issues). When Less was a young girl Germany was beginning Eng to be bombed by the Allies, during the bombings, Helmet Street was hit, all of Leases neigh hobos, friends. And even her foster parents were killed in the bombing, but Lies survived d u to the fact that she was in her basement sleeping after a yearn night of writing. After the bombing Lies lived with the mayor and his wife. Lies lived a long happy

Analyse Ways Essay

The Shoe-Horn Sonata by John Misto has five main themes or concerns. They are History and Memory, major mogul and Control, Heroism and Relationships and War and Atrocities. John Misto explores all these ideas while telling the story of Bridie and Shelias reunion fifty years after they last saw severally other.The play is about the histories of the women and the nurses that were captive of the Nipponese during World War Two their individual histories and joint suffering. The stories of these women were never made official and there is no g all overnment recognition of their plight and few, if any, official records. These agonyful memories are not part of any official history and this is made clear in the play. The British didnt want anyone to know about us. Theyd have lost prestige if people found out how women of the Empire had lived in the war. So for the sake for magnate and Country, they burned out diaries. either last one. Shelia, chance Thirteen.Misto makes it clear in the course of the play that the memories of the women are accurate. The oral stories from these fictional characters have juxtaposed over them the factual images to confirm and extrapolate the stories of the women. The visual images of the thin, famishment people are very strong and clear to an audience, for example, Scene Seven opens with a photo of most women POWs emaciated, haggard and impoverished.This is telln while Bridie explains how thin Sheila and herself got while at the Japanese camps, The lightest I got was exactly five stone The visual images show exactly what the women are talking about and add to the sense of theatre round the play. They heighten the audiences understanding of the enormity of the issue.There is usage of background sounds throughout the play, for example in Scene Five when Bridie explains what happened on Radji Beach on Banka Island there is sounds of machine gun fire and cries of women on the soundtrack. The dues ex machine effect of these ampli fied sounds further highlights the theme of memories and history, linking some(prenominal) the action and the memories of the two women on stage.The Shoe-Horn Sonata explores forcefulness relationships at a number of levels. The most obvious power play on stage occurs between the interviewer and the women he is interviewing. This power play has an ambiguous moment in which the women are uncertain as whether Rick has overheard a private conversation in Scene Ten. This is also explained in the stage directions Bridie and Shelia look up, startled. Then they both realise they are wearing small microphones. They both wonder whether every word has been overheard Rick also has the power to choose what questions to ask, and what to edit out of his documentary film.On another level we can turn back the role of power between the prison guards and prisoners. The guards abuse their power physically, sexually and emotionally and many seemed to enjoy the pain they inflicted. Lipstick Larrys co mment in Scene Eight, Plenty of room in the graveyard for her is typical of the cruelty the guards exhibit. The prisoners had little choice but to cooperate and be injure and abused, this in turn had a large physiological effect on both women.This is shown when Shelia explains that she still has nightmares about Lipstick Larry in Scene Ten haunted Every night when I fall asleep, Lipstick Larrys waiting. He calls to me and I go to him and no one can change that. Not even you.The Japanese dominated the women in every aspect they even made them bow to the Japanese flag every morning. In Scene Nine, the two characters are reminded of this power by the presence of the Japanese flag that is being intercommunicate on the back screen. It doesnt move and dominates the stage a continuing reminder of how the women lived their lives in the camp and the power and control that continues to affect them. This emphasises to the audience just how horrible the camps really were for the women and ho w they continue to affect them today, fifty years on.Mistos play revolves around the heroic deeds and relationships that are up held by the women during the war. The heroic deeds were acts of physical courage of the highest order. For Sheila, the supreme sacrifice of selling her body to the Japanese in order to obtain the necessary drugs for her friends survival is all the more poignant as we understand the cultural andsocial background that she had pick out from.Misto focuses on the unsung heros of the war, for example the Australia nurse that washed the bed pans of the women on the way to Belalau. It was the bravest act I have ever seen. She didnt get a medal for it butall of us loved for of that (Sheila) The stories of the two women are expanding the conventional view of heroism to include acts of sacrifice beyond simple physical courage.The Shoe-Horn Sonata shows clearly that relationships are able to survive the toughest of times. The relationship of Bridie and Shelia survive s not just now the horror of the prisoner of war camps but also the pain of their reunion decades after the war. Misto uses a variety of theatrical techniques to convey this relationship to the audience and show that survival and growth are features of the relationship.Misto gives evidence of how tough times were in the camps with a combination of dialogue and screen images being used to illustrate what had happened to these people, for example, the slides of the women POWs at the open of Scene Seven. These slides portray the starving bodies, rough conditions and brutality yet through all this the relationship gets stronger.The music played throughout the play symbolises the stage at which Bridie and Sheilas relationship is. For example, Scene Ten closes with Anne Sheltons Ill walk alone displaying to the audience that at this point in the play Bridie and Sheilas relationship is at its most frail point because the truth about Sheilas sacrifice has just been revealed.The play highl ights the horrors of war particularly for women and civilians. The atrocious way in which human beings treat familiar spirit human beings in a wartime situation is not restricted to the Japanese, but seen to be central to war itself. The atrocities are seen to have affected both womens lives ever after. For example Bridies fear of the Japanese people in David Jones.What is particularly significant for these women is the requirement to keepsmiling (Scene Nine) and to repress the memories. For these women the memories of the atrocities are tinged with offense and shame. In some respects this amount to an even worse atrocity to plague the lives of these women after the war.The humour used by Misto in the play, derives not only from the way in which the women used the power of the human spirit to laugh at adversity, but also from the way in which the playwright has juxtaposed those moments of notification of comic events with the horrors of the memories of the reality. The light and d ark in this play allows us to be both horrified and entertained. As in any great tragedy, the comic allows not simply relief from the pain, but help us to question the reasons for the horror.John Misto believes that the women victims of this defeat of the British deserve to have their stories told and their sufferings recognised by a immense audience. Having talked to real survivors he wrote the play in the hope that more people would be exposed to their suffering and above all to their courage.The dialogue, music, the sound effects and the projected images work together to shape the audiences response and to tell the powerful story of the womens memories, raw vulnerability, strong relationships and heroism.

Sample Introduction

Good Afternoon. My name is Joe Dane you can call me Mr. Dane. I am a representative of Morgan State University (MSU). I am hither to present to you what our prestigious school of higher learning has to offer for potential students like you. Here at MSU, we are a coeducational institution, located in a residential section of Baltimore, Maryland. We are founding members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC).Morgan State is a historically black university, established in 1867 as the centennial Biblical Institute but was renamed Morgan College in 1890 in honoring of the Reverend Lyttleton Morgan, the first chairman of its Board of Trustees. In our vast school, we are strict and cagy about college entrance rules/regulations. Violations of any rules will be handled by our Office of Student Judicial Affair.We have wide variety of athletic programs, ranging from men and womens basketball, cross-country, tennis, and track & field Womens bowling, softball, volleyball, even cheerlead ing Also football for our guys. We proudly represent our school mascot, Morgan State University Bear. Now our school makes it possible for you to apply and passing be accepted in state Tuition is proximately 7,000 and out-of-state proximately 16,340. We require you have a composite score of (2400) for SATs and a score of (36) for bends.High GPAs are required. Enrollment size would be approximately 1,040 freshmen. At MSU, we offer implement a semester-based curriculum system and offers choices on 64 majors most popular are Business, Engineering, Nursing, and Communication and Journalism. WE at MSU, have male ratio of 44% compared to female, 56%. While being a historically black institution, we serve students of all racial and ethnic backgrounds. Basically Morgan State University is the best choice for you. Thank You

Reaction Paper on Game Theory Essay

Game Theory is undeniably new to me. Its concept is just so brilliant that it made me rethink how I ought to implement a business road to success. In the past, my key idea of winning in the industry was by toppling down competitors, and rising as the sole survivor in the war. Plainly, its a winner-take- all perspective. The real target was to capture the entire market then. After reading the theory and the cases suitably alluded to, realizations came to me that Im course too far from the wisdom good strategists possess. Way too far from making it to the corporate executives seat.Way too far from a business long success. For Filipinos, its always been a here-and-now match. Typically overlooked are the impacts of strategies in the long run, and how competitors and other(a) players in the game would tend to respond.Game theory offers the opinion of coopetition cooperative and competitive ways to change the game. The primary insight of game theory is focusing on others namely allo centrism. It further states that the game of business is all about value creating it and capturing it.Many are the so-called mental traps that must be killed in order that one be set for the game or set to change it. We often think that its hard and its beyond our competencies to dare change the game, and that we should do just what others do only in a differently-tailored fashion. We go with the flow and no new routes are shaped to arrive at a better position and standing for us and the other players as well. Just like the Zero-Sum View, we tend to see winning only at the loss of another. Be power of these delusions, the scales in our eyes gets however thicker and we finally end up blinded from seeing the bigger picture, the whole game.To be able to use game theory as a tool in strategizing, I recognize that it cannot be used without sufficient knowledge in economics. Given a particular action, the players that get affected and would react are to be properly determined. The caus e and effect relationship among them must also be linked as it should be. Rational reasoning and forecasting entails academic competence on the subject to modify you to see the domino effect of your decision to others and back to your company.The business game is really like chess. Sometimes you have to give in or even sacrifice some of your aces to obtain a greater advantage or to make a draw at the very end. At times, you must agree a couple of moves to maintain advantage or stay equal with the opponent just like what Nintendo did. Being egocentric must be through away with and altered to focusing on others to facilitate a win-win situation for both parties. An opponent may retaliate or be unwilling to cooperate in the future if ones strategy always seeks out the highest payoffs at the cost of the other player.Thats the mindset of Kiwi that kept it animate in the game. Also, you must raise your own added value or lower that of others and consider that the role of every player i n the game is not fixed.In spite of its applicable purposes, game theory cannot be said to be the perfect treasure map. There will always be creases that would simply be left out unpressed. Be flexible and ready for changes.

Proc Report Secreates

PharmaSUG 2012 Paper TF20-SAS PROC written depict expose Exploring the Secrets tardily iodine of the well-nigh popular Procedures in lay down SAS Softwargon Allison McMahill Booth, SAS get Inc. , Cary, NC, USA ABSTRACT Have you ever wondered why a numeral varying is referenced in diametric forms inwardly a figure resist? Do you claim a go at it the difference between a DATA step un great dealtled and a un line uptled that is inclininged in the tugboat narration? consequently, this write up is for you Welcome to PROC narration undo. We be typefaceing at PROC track and unc everyplaceing rough of the rear-the-scenes details about this shed light onic procedure.We leave do-nothing explore the comp mavennts associated with PROC invoice and disc all told over counselings to fit tower conceptions and change remissness attributes with denominations and betoken type exercise teachings. We provide overly dig thickset into showcase grave and explore the brisk ability to use multi notice change for creating subradical combinations. So for some(prenominal)one who has ever written PROC newspaper tag, stay tuned. Its PROC announce unwrap INTRODUCTION Which popular SAS procedure has features of the PRINT, nastyS, and TABULATE procedures and features of the DATA step in a single overlay-writing tool?It enables you to crap a variety of covers including a detail key out, which deals a course of instruction of in coiffeion for both commentary info set observation, or a summary floor, which consolidates entropy so that each row represents ternary input entropy set observations. Here is a nonher hint this homogeneous procedure provides the ability to pee both default and customized summaries, add text and statistics, and acquire towers of selective in initializeion that do not exist in the input data set. If you guessed PROC score, you argon correctFor whatsoeverone who has written PROC delineate rule and has wondered what is going on behind the scenes, this is the paper for you. This paper explores some of the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC melodic theme. We give dig deep into poser tag as we begin to uncover some of the details of this disuniteic base-writing procedure. As a bonus, you will discover some facts about the typography procedure that you dexterity not have k straightawayn. By the way, the inscribe return in this paper is based on the SAS 9. 3 default siding reasonr address of HTML. Although closely of the paper ontent do-nothing also be applied to the LISTING endpoint, the recruit that is shown in this paper is intended to be present in an payoff Delivery System (ODS) destination, unless otherwisewise indicated. With that being express ar you ready to explore? Welcome to PROC fib Unwrapped EXPLORING THE SECRETS (HOW ITS MADE) PROC topic head start began spiritedness as a procedure many years ago in SAS 6. Since in that locationfore, it has been gaining popularity as the tool of resource for calculate writing. Even with much(prenominal) popularity, there ar still aspects of the REPORT procedure that fuck be further explored.In this segment, we will unwrap and explore some of the secrets behind this most popular procedure with a focus on the pursuance components ? referencing a numeral inconstant in a fancy layover ? exploring the difference between an input data set variant and a DATA step variant ? discovering ways to move gapumn headings ? changing default attributes with panaches ? using the blackguard determine bidding ? exploring the new ability in SAS 9. 3 to use multilabel data format for creating sub sort combinations Lets start exploring the secrets REFERENCING A numericalal VARIABLE IN A COMPUTE BLOCKAll numeric changeables are referenced the same(p) way, right? Well, that depends on how the numeric covariant is put in the PROC REPORT delineate dictation. Before we can explore more than about the how a numeric variable is delimit, we first need to to a lower placestand some PROC REPORT basics. Then we will explore the many ways a numeric variable 1 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in cornerstone SAS Software, keep can be limitd in the intend bidding and how that definition deter bites the manner in which the variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block.In the PROC REPORT parameter, the input data set is listed using the choice DATA= . If the DATA= option is not qualify, PROC REPORT will use the last data set that was created in the current SAS session. The input data set contains variables and observations. The variables are categorized as every component or numeric that is it, contribution or numeric. PROC REPORT does not use completely of the variables from the input data set. Only the input data set variables that are listed in the tugboat affirmation or in the BY record are use.All of the report items, including the variables from the input data set that are listed in the towboat pedagogy can be use in a COMPUTE block. from each one report item in the newspaper mainstay statement has an associated decide statement. If a go down statement for the report item is not supplied, PROC REPORT will create a default restrain statement behind the scenes. If a tugboat statement is not specified, PROC REPORT will create a tug statement behind the scenes. The mainstay statement will contain only the variables from the input data set in the regularise of the data set. peg down statements can be supplied without a supplied COLUMN statement. The minimum statements that are needed to trial PROC REPORT are a PROC REPORT statement with an input data set and a RUN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will create all the necessary minimum default statements. To see the default statements, add the LIST option in the PROC REPORT statement. The LIST option will prod uce the basic code, including all of the DEFINE statements, in the SAS lumber. The NOWD option enables the report to examination in the non- windowing mode.Here is an physical exercise of PROC REPORT code with the LIST option proc report data=sashelp. class nowd list flow The SAS record is shown in takings 1. outfit 1. SAS Log turnout By default, the DEFINE statement for a numeric input data set variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement will be associated with the SUM statistic. An also make outn as for the SUM statistic is ANALYSIS. The SUM statistic is the most common statistic that is used in PROC REPORT code. The SUM statistic can be replaced with any validated PROC REPORT statistic such as bit or MEAN.At BREAK and RBREAK rows, the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic will consolidate automati conjurey based on the associated statistic. When a numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the form of the variable- label. statistic is used. In a COMPUTE block, if a numeric input data set variable evoke is used without the corresponding statistic (which is the statistic listed in the DEFINE statement), a note expertness be written to the SAS log. The pursual code will produce a note in the SAS log roc report nowd data=sashelp. class col develop pinnacle weight add together find long time / group describe heightweight/ mean stipulate total / visualised compute total total=height. mean/weight endcomp weather 2 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in foot SAS Software, continued In the preceding code, the DEFINE statement for the WEIGHT variable lists MEAN as the statistic. The calculation in the COMPUTE numerate block for the TOTAL COMPUTED variable shows the WEIGHT variable without the statistic of MEAN.PROC REPORT requires this statistic and does not recognize the WEIGHT variable. A note, such as the foll owing, is produced in the SAS log railway line Variable weight is uninitialized. PROC REPORT allows duplication of report items in the COLUMN statement. This duplicated report item becomes an alias. When an alias of the numeric input data set variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the alias name is used without the associated statistic. Behind the scenes, any duplication of the same variable or statistic in the COLUMN statement will be associated with an alias name.If an alias name is not specified, PROC REPORT will create one. To see the assigned alias name, add the LIST option to the PROC REPORT statement and review the SAS log for the code. Using the preceding code in this section, the HEIGHT variable is duplicated in the COLUMN statement as follows col shape up height height weight total The resulting SAS log is shown in Output 2. Output 2. SAS Log Output Showing an Alias Name of _A1 Assigned behind the Scenes When the numeric input data set variable with an associated sta tistic is associated with an crosswise variable, the mainstay number, in the form of Cn_, is used in a COMPUTE block. In the form of _Cn_, n is the towboat number. The position of the editorials shown in the end product report is based on the left-to-right placement of the report-items in the COLUMN statement. For example, if a numeric variable with an associated statistic is placed as the first tower under the ACROSS grouping but it is the game column in the proceeds report, _C2_ is the correct judge to use in a COMPUTE block. Behind the scenes, all columns are considered to have a column number even if the column is not stigmaed in the final output report.Here is an example COLUMN statement col elicit age, (weight height) In this column statement, the first rate of the WEIGHT variable is in the second column in the report. AGE is an crosswise variable and is not counted as a column. The first column of the WEIGHT variable is associated with the first harbor of AGE and i s referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C2_. The succeeding(prenominal) column of the WEIGHT variable that is associated with the second place of AGE is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C4_. Each unique(p) valuate of the across variable becomes a school principal.Under each ACROSS header are the columns of variables that are associated with each unique across variable value. Each variable associated with an across variable becomes a column under the unique variable value. The number of unique set of an across variable controls the number of columns that are created for a variable associated with the across variable from the COLUMN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT has to know the specific column placement of a variable that is referenced in a COMPUTE block. The _Cn_ is used instead of the variable-name. statistic, the alias name, or the variable name. PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in fore SAS Software, continued The following example code shows this innovation proc report nowd data=sashelp. class list col age sex, (weight height total) restrain age / group define sex / across define heightweight/ sum format=8. 2 define total / computed format=8. 2 compute total _c4_=_c2_/_c3_ _c7_=_c5_/_c6_ endcomp ramble The COMPUTE TOTAL block shows cardinal assignment statements. Each assignment corresponds to a column of WEIGHT, HEIGHT, and TOTAL for each unique value of the across variable SEX.The resulting output is shown in Output 3. Output 3. Output Using _Cn_ in the COMPUTE TOTAL Calculations A numeric input data set variable can also be defined as DISPLAY, GROUP, separate, or COMPUTED. Because there is no statistic associated with these definitions, the numeric input data set variable name is used in a COMPUTE block. Regardless of the definition, the numeric report-item can still be used in any computation. However, for GROUP or ORDER definitions, behind the scenes the values are evaluated from the scratched output report instead of the input data.This means that if the ORDER or GROUP defined variable for a come outrence row and column shows as a sporty on the printed output report, a fatuous is the value that will be used for any computation or evaluation. The following code shows three different modes for assigning the value of the ORDER variable AGE to a COMPUTED variable. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class col age newage1 newage2 newage3 define age / order define newage1 / computed define newage2 / computed define newage3 / computed /* mode 1 */ compute newage1 newage1=age*1. 5 endcomp /* method 2 */ ompute newage2 if age ne . then hold_age=age newage2=hold_age*1. 5 endcomp /* method 3 */ compute onwards age before_age=age endcomp compute newage3 newage3=before_age*1. 5 endcomp run 4 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in melodic theme SAS Software, continued In the first method, the value for NEWAGE1 will co ntain a value only when AGE has a value for the same row. In the second method, the value of NEWAGE2 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable HOLD_AGE.In the third method, the value of NEWAGE3 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable BEFORE_AGE. The DATA step variable is created in the COMPUTE BEFORE AGE block. Behind the scenes, a DATA step variable changes values only through the code instructions. Also, behind the scenes, GROUP and ORDER numeric input data set variables are internally set to a blank in the printed output report at the RBREAK level. A COMPUTE AFTER block with an assignment statement for a numeric GROUP or ORDER variable at the RBREAK level will be ignored.A DISPLAY is always set to a blank at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. If you are routing the report output to an ODS destination, using a COMPUTE block CALL DEFINE statement with the STYLE attribute name and a path option that will buy out text, such as PRETEXT=, is a way to change by reversal the blank values. A COLUMN relation VARIABLE VERSUS A DATA STEP VARIABLE PROC REPORT creates a column type of output report based on the variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statement. Any variable from the input data set that is to be used as a report column or used in a COMPUTE block has to be listed in the COLUMN statement.The placement of the report items, variables, and statistics in the COLUMN statement is very important. PROC REPORT reads and processes the report items from the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right, blossom-to-bottom direction. Until the report item is refined, it will be initialized to missing for numeric variables and blank for character variables. Once the entire COLUMN statement report-items are processed for a row, PROC REPORT reinitializes all of the report-items back to missing for numeric and blank for character variables.Then PROC REPORT begins the proce ss all over again for the next row of data by processing the report items in the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right direction. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT consolidates all the input data set variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statements for the execution of RBREAK BEFORE and BREAK BEFORE statements. For example, the RBREAK, meaning the report cease, in the following code is calculated first proc report nowd data=sashelp. class col sex age,(height weight) define age / group define height / min format=8. 2 Height min efine weight / scoop shovel format=8. 2 Weight max r ruin before / sum run The output is shown in Output 4. Output 4. PROC REPORT Output Showing the RBREAK Values COMPUTE blocks are also sensitive to the placement of the variables and statistics in the COLUMN statement. As PROC REPORT processes the report-items in a left-to-right direction, any associated COMPUTE blocks are also processed in the same order. This means that in a COMPUTE block that is base d on a COLUMN statement reportitem, any referenced variable or statistic to the right of the COMPUTE block variable is missing.Simply put, PROC REPORT does not know about any report-item that is to the right of the COMPUTE block variable in the COLUMN statement. A DATA step variable, also referred to as a temporary variable, is different from the COLUMN statement variable. A DATA step variable is created and used in a COMPUTE block. It is not part of the COLUMN statement. The value of the DATA step variable comes directly from the code in a COMPUTE block. DATA step variables are often used in IF statements when there is a compare of the current row value to that of the value in the DATA step variable.PROC REPORT recomputes a COMPUTED variable value at every row, including at the BREAK and RBREAK rows. Values are not accumulated. An accumulated value can be calculated mobilely using a DATA step variable in a 5 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popul ar Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued COMPUTE block because the value changes through the code only. Behind the scenes, DATA step variables used to accumulate values also include values at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. Adding an IF statement to check the value of the _BREAK_ automatic variable will help control when the accumulations takes place.In the following code, the computed variable TOTAL_AGE is the sum of two variables from the COLUMN statement. ACCUM_AGE is the accumulated value of AGE stored in the DATA step variable TEMP_AGE. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class col age total_age accum_age height weight define age / group define height / min format=8. 2 Height min define weight / max format=8. 2 Weight max define total_age / computed define accum_age / computed compute total_age if _break_ eq then total_age+age endcomp compute accum_age if _break_ eq then temp_age+age accum_age=temp_age endcomp break after / summarize run The output is shown in Output 5. Output 5. Comparison of the TOTAL_AGE editorial and the ACCUM_AGE Column Notice the difference between the TOTAL_AGE column and the ACCUM_AGE column in Output 5. The TOTAL_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row so that the values are not accumulated. The ACCUM_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row but the TEMP_AGE value is not. TEMP_AGE is a DATA step variable and is not listed in the COLUMN statement. The result is an accumulated column for ACCUM_AGE. The _BREAK_ automatic variable will be blank for detail rows.A quick way to determine the value of a _BREAK_ variable value is to create an output data set with the OUT= option in the PROC REPORT statement and examine the _BREAK_ values in the output data set. DISCOVERING WAYS TO MOVE COLUMN HEADERS By default, the column heading values come from the label in the DEFINE statement. If you do not specifi distinguishy specify a label in your code either in the DEFINE statement or through a LABEL statement, add the LIS T option to the PROC REPORT statement, submit your code, and look at the code that is created in the SAS log.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will generate the default values it needs to create the output report. One of the default values is the label specified in the DEFINE statement. All of the column headings from the label option in the DEFINE statement span over a single column with one exception, variables that are defined as across variables. A column heading for an across variable can span over multiple columns. In the COLUMN statement, a comma after the across variable indicates which variable or group of variables are associated with the across variable.An example of PROC REPORT code containing an across variable is shown below 6 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued title Default Column Headers proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes column neighbourhood carrefour,gross revenue define neighborhoo d / group format= $25. Region define Product / across format= $14. Product define Sales / sum format= DOLLAR12. Total Sales run Output 6 shows the PROC REPORT example output. Output 6.Default Column Heading with an Across Label Spanning over Multiple Columns Behind the scenes, each unique value of an across variable is transposed from a column to a row. The row data is not available for any further processing within the code as it now becomes a column heading. In Output 6, each value of Product becomes a column with the Product value as the column heading. Under each Product column heading value is the Sales variable column heading and data for the particular Product value. The heading label Total Sales for every column is redundant.The output report would look better if Total Sales were removed from under the Product column heading and placed above the Product column headings. PROC REPORT provides a way to add column heading information that can span over multiple columns by using a SPANNED HEADER. The SPANNED HEADER is used in the COLUMN statement in this way column (spanned header text variable-list) The following example code shows three different methods for using the DEFINE statement and SPANNED HEADERS for creating the column heading proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes distinguish=* olumn percentage ((1)Total Sales (1)Product (2)Total Sales*(2)Product product, gross sales) define region / group format= $25. Region define product / across format= $14. (3)Total Sales (3)Product define sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. run You can mix and match the methods. There is no best trust for using each method. The method that you choose depends on the look that you necessitate for the column heading. The output is shown in Output 7. 7 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued Output 7. Moved Column Headings from Different MethodsThe three different methods are numbered in the example code and the output shown in Output 7 method (1) uses multiple SPANNED HEADER text method (2) uses SPANNED HEADER text with the PROC REPORT SPLIT= character of * to force the text to continue on the next row method (3) uses multiple labels in the DEFINE statement (you can also use a split character here). Lets choose method (1) for the column heading and move the column heading to the top row. You can remove the label from the DEFINE statement by replacing the Region text with a blank and moving the Region text to a SPANNED HEADER in the COLUMN statement.There are three rows of headers. This means that the text of Region will need to be pushed up to the top row. You can do this by adding blank SPANNED HEADER text after the Region text in the COLUMN statement. Here is the modified PROC REPORT code with method (1) and the column heading text of Region proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split=* column (Region Region) (Total Sales Product Product , Sales) define Region / group format= $25. define Product / across format= $14. define Sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. run Output 8 shows the output. Output 8.Moving Column Headings Using Blank SPANNED HEADERS Behind the scenes, when there is a blank header row and the output is routed to an ODS destination, the blank row is removed automatically. This does not affect the LISTING output. If you desire to preserve the blank row, change the blank label on one of the DEFINE statements that is not an across variable to some value. Then add a demeanor 8 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued statement for the header, assigning the foreground people of colour to the priming color.For example, if your column heading soil is purplish, then the drift statement for the DEFINE statement would look something like this appearance(header)=background= proud foreground=purple With the background and the foreground assigned to the sam e color, any text in the label will blend into the background color. CHANGING DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES WITH STYLES Beginning with SAS 9. 3, the default output destination is HTML. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT is using the HTMLBLUE style. All the output in this paper all uses this default destination. What if you are not fond of the HTMLBLUE style?Then, what do you do if you want to change the default style of your output report? If you want to change the style of HTMLBLUE to another style that is supplied in the Sashelp. Tmplmst template store, you can run the following code to create a list of all the styles that are available proc template list styles run You can apply the styles by adding an ODS statement with the specified style before the PROC REPORT statement. For example, if you want to use the FESTIVAL style instead of the default HTMLBLUE style, the ODS statement would look similar to this ods html style=festivalPROC REPORT also provides the ability to change the styles of the different report locations. Here are the style location values and a description for each that indicates which part of the report is affected ? ? ? ? ? ? REPORTthe report as a whole HEADERHDRthe column headings COLUMNthe column cells LINESthe lines generated by LINE statements thickthe summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements CALLDEFthe cells identified by a CALL DEFINE statement All of the style locations are valid in the PROC REPORT statement. These styles apply to the entire location that is specified.The style locations can also be combined if the same attribute is being applied to multiple locations. This is the correct syntax style= The following code shows how to apply the styles in the PROC REPORT statement ods html style=festival title expressive styles on the PROC REPORT statement proc report nowd data=sashelp. class(obs=5) split=* style(report)=outputwidth=7in style(column)=background=lavender style(header)=foreground=green style(summary)=background=purple foreground= clean-living style(lines)=background=lime style(calldef)=background=yellow foreground=black olumn name age sex weight height define name / display define age / order define sex / display define heightweight / sum break after age / summarize rbreak after / summarize compute before line this is the beginning endcomp 9 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued compute age if _break_ ne then call define(age,style,style=pretext=total) endcomp run The STYLE options in the preceding PROC REPORT statement are change the output in this way ? ? ? style(report) sets the report output width to 7 inches. style(column) sets the background for all of the columns to lavender. style(header) applies a green foreground to all of the headers. style(summary) sets all of the summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements with a ? ? style(lines) sets the line statements to a background of lime. style(calldef) sets the foreground to black and background to yellow for the CALL DEFINE locations. background of purple and a foreground of white. The resulting report output is shown in Output 9.Output 9. Changing Default Styles in the PROC REPORT Statement The DEFINE statement supports two types of styles STYLE(COLUMN) and STYLE(HEADER). STYLE(COLUMN) applies to the entire column but will not override any styles that are applied to other locations in the column. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the DEFINE statement for the NAME variable that creates the Name column like this define name / display style(column header)=background=plum The background of the HEADER and COLUMN locations for the NAME variable is set to plum.Because styles were applied already to the SUMMARY location, only the header and detail cells for the NAME column are changed to plum. A CALL DEFINE statement is used to override the SUMMARY style for the NAME column. The CALL DEFINE statement is discussed more in the next section. Output 10 is the resulting report output. Output 10. Changing the Default Styles for the NAME Column Using a DEFINE Statement 10 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued The BREAK and RBREAK statements support style changes for summary lines, customized lines, or both.A summary line is created from the BREAK or RBREAK statements. A customized line is created from a LINE statement within a COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER COMPUTE block. The is a break-variable that is defined as either GROUP or ORDER or the _PAGE_ location. A style on the BREAK and RBREAK statements will not override a cell style that is created by a CALL DEFINE statement or the STYLE(CALLDEF) option in the PROC REPORT statement. A CALL DEFINE statement will be used to make the style changes in this case. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the RBREAK statement like this break after / summarize style=ba ckground=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold The COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER supports a style option in the COMPUTE statement. A forward solidus / precedes the style option in the COMPUTE statement. The style option only applies to the LINE statement and will override any previous STYLE(LINES) requests. The style applies to all of the LINE statements within the COMPUTE block. Using the code from this section, a COMPUTE AFTER AGE block is added to show a style modification to the foreground of the LINE statement output. ompute after age/ style=foreground=red line this is after age endcomp A CALL DEFINE is a statement within a COMPUTE block. To change a style using a CALL DEFINE statement, the STYLE attribute is specified for the attribute-name and the style option is specified as the value. The following is the syntax for a CALL DEFINE statement call define (column-id _ROW_ , attribute-name, value) Here is the code with all of the style modifications ods html style=festiv al title Changing Default Attributes with Styles proc report nowd data=sashelp. lass(obs=5) split=* style(report)=outputwidth=7in style(column)=background=lavender style(header)=foreground=green style(summary)=background=purple foreground=white style(lines)=background=lime style(calldef)=background=yellow foreground=black column name age sex weight height define name / display style(column header)=background=plum define age / order define sex / display define heightweight / sum break after age / summarize rbreak after / summarize style=background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold ompute before line this is the beginning endcomp compute age if _break_ ne then call define(age,style,style=pretext=total) endcomp compute after age/ style=foreground=red line this is after age endcomp run The updated output is shown in Output 11. 11 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued Output 11. Final Report Output wi th Changes to Default Attributes Using Style Options You also can change styles by using inline arrange.Inline formatting is a feature of the Output Delivery System that enables you to gather simple formatting text into ODS output by using the ODS ESCAPECHAR statement. For example, here is a TITLE statement and the resulting output title This is style color=red font_weight=bold RED This is RED The inline formatting in the TITLE statement changes the text of RED to the color of red. The caret () in the TITLE statement is the declared ODS ESCAPECHAR. The ODS ESCAPECHAR statement has to be submitted before any inline formatting will take place.The caret () can be any unique character that would not normally be in your code. USING THE CALL DEFINE STATEMENT The previous section discussed using the CALL DEFINE statement as a way to change a style by specifying the STYLE attribute for the attribute-name and the STYLE= option for the value. As mentioned earlier, this is the syntax for the CALL DEFINE statement call define (column-id _ROW_ , attribute-name, value) The column-id is the column name or the column number. The column-id can be specified as one of the following ? ? ? ? ? ? a character literal (in quotation marks) that is the column name a character xpression that resolves to the column name a numeric literal that is the column number a numeric expression that resolves to the column number a name of the form _Cn_, where n is the column number the automatic variable _COL_, which identifies the column that contains the report-item to which the compute block is attached _ROW_ is an automatic variable that indicates that the value is to be applied to the entire row. Currently, the _ROW_ variable is applicable only with the STYLE attribute name. Behind the scenes, all of the COLUMN statement report-items are used to create the report.The columns created from the COLUMN statement report-items are placed in the same order, left to right. Each created column has a column number, beginning with 1 for the left-most column on the report. All report-items have a column number, even if there are NOZERO, NOPRINT, and COMPLETECOLS options specified, because these options are applied after the report is created in memory. The following code shows the column number 12 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued data test nput type $ color $ counter cards aaa purple 1 aaa orange 1 bbb purple 2 ccc orange 2 run proc report nowd data=test missing col counter type,color,counter=num define counter / group define type / across define color / across define num / sum nozero compute num call define(4,style,style=background=purple) endcomp run Output 12 shows the output. Output12. PROC REPORT Output with the Incorrect Column Number Used in a CALL DEFINE Statement In the code above, the CALL DEFINE statement applies a purple background to the fourth column.There is a NOZERO opti on in the DEFINE statement for NUM, which instructs the report to not print that column if all the column values are zero or missing. By adding the SHOWALL option to the PROC REPORT statement and resubmitting the code, the resulting output in Output 13 shows the fourth column with a purple background. The SHOWALL option displays all of the NOPRINT option and NOZERO option columns in the output report. This option, with the LIST option, is good to use when debugging PROC REPORT code. proc report nowd data=test missing showall Output 13.Resulting Output When the SHOWALL Option Is Applied to the PROC REPORT Statement If the intention is to change the background of the fourth column that is shown in Output 13, then here is the correct CALL DEFINE statement call define(5,style,style=background=purple) There is no limit to the number of CALL DEFINE statements that can be used in a COMPUTE block. If there are duplicate styles that need to be applied to different cells, you might want to co nsider consolidating the CALL DEFINE statements. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT calls on the SAS DATA step compiler when a COMPUTE block is used.Most of the SAS DATA step code functionally is available to you when you create code for a COMPUTE block. One consolidation technique is to use a DO loop with a CALL DEFINE to loop through the column number to apply a style. Using the code in this section, here is a modification to the COMPUTE NUM block 13 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued compute num call define(_row_,style,style=background=wheat) do purple_column= 3 to 5 by 2 call define(purple_column,style,style=background=purple foreground=white font_weight=bold) end ndcomp The output is shown in Output 14. Output 14. Output Using Modified Code from the COMPUTE NUM Block We have seen examples of using the attribute name of STYLE. There are other attribute name calling that can be used. For example, if yo u want to make the contents of each cell a concern to a specified Uniform Resource Locator (URL), you can use the URL attribute as the attribute-name and the link as the value. Before ODS, and yes, there was a time before ODS, there was the Output Window ( cognize now as the LISTING destination). The only attribute that is specified in a CALL DEFINE statement for use in the Output Window is the change attribute. Once ODS was introduced in SAS 7, the ability to use the FORMAT attribute included all output destinations. _ROW_ cannot be used when the FORMAT attribute name is specified in the CALL DEFINE statement. The best use of the FORMAT attribute can be illustrated by using the output from a PROC MEANS using the default statistics. The following PROC MEANS code creates an output data set and a PROC PRINT to print the output proc means data=sashelp. class nway where age=15 class age var weight height output out=means_output run proc print run The output is shown in Output 15.Outpu t 15. PROC PRINT Output In looking at the output in Output 15, it really does not make sense for the N statistic for the WEIGHT and HEIGHT variables to have decimals. PROC REPORT allows an easy way to change the format for these two cells by using the CALL DEFINE statement within a COMPUTE block. The following PROC REPORT shows the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute. 14 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued proc report nowd data=means_output col age _stat_ weight height define age / order efine _stat_ / display define weight / sum format=8. 2 define height / sum format=8. 2 compute height if _stat_=N then do call define(Weight. sum,format,8. ) call define(Height. sum,format,8. ) end endcomp run The results are shown in Output 16. Output 16. PROC REPORT Output with a Cell Format Change The first row under the headers in Output 16 shows the N statistic for both the WEIGHT and HEIGHT columns without deci mals. Any time there is a need to change the format of a cell within a column, the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute is the best method to use.The other choice would be to create a computed character variable version of the value with the desired format. But what fun would that be? EXPLORING MULTILABEL FORMATTING TO CREATE SUBGROUP COMBINATIONS You might be asking yourself, what is multilabel formatting? Admittedly, the concept of multilabel formatting baffled me at first. I knew other procedures such as PROC TABULATE and PROC MEANS worked with multilabel formatting, and therefore could not envision it with PROC REPORT. Multilabel formatting enables PROC REPORT to use a format label or labels for a given range or crossingping ranges to create a combination of subgroups.The multilabel formats are applied to either group or across variables. It was not until I had a scenario where I needed to create a report with various subgroupings that I began to appreciate using multilabel for matting. Unfortunately, because multilabel formatting was not available for PROC REPORT in the version of SAS that I was using, my only choice was to slice and cube the data prior to the PROC REPORT step. Multilabel formatting is new for PROC REPORT in SAS 9. 3. The multilabel format is created with PROC FORMAT. The option of multilabel within parentheses is applied to the VALUE statement after the format name.A syntax error, such as the following, will occur in the SAS log if the multilabel option is added without the parentheses ERROR 22-322 Syntax error, expecting one of the following a quoted string, a numeric constant, a datetime constant, a missing value, , (, LOW, OTHER. ERROR 202-322 The option or parameter is not recognized and will be ignored. If there are overlapping ranges on the labels of the VALUE statement, error messages such as the following will be created in the SAS log for each overlapping range ERROR These two ranges overlap LOW-16 and 11-13 (fuzz=1E-12).ERROR These two ranges overlap 11-14 and 11-15 (fuzz=1E-12). In the following example PROC FORMAT code, the multilabel option within parentheses is listed after the format name of AGEFMT in the VALUE statement 15 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued proc format value agefmt (multilabel) 11-13 = 11 to 13 11-14 = 11 to 14 11-15 = 11 to 15 11-high =11 and above low-16 =16 and below run You might have noticed that some of the labels contain leading blanks.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT applies the format before creating groups and the formatted values are used for ordination. Without the leading spaces, the category of 11 and above will be the first group printed because an a in and precedes a t in to for an ascending ordering schema. Adding leading spaces is a way to en authoritative the desired grouping order. In the example PROC REPORT code below, AGEFMT format is added to the DEFINE AGE statement. Notice th at there is also the option of MLF. The MLF option is required when multilabel formatting is desired. itle Multilabel Formatting proc report data=sashelp. class nowd col sex age (Mean height weight) define sex / group define age / group mlf format=agefmt. Age Groups define height / mean format=6. 2 Height (in. ) define weight / mean format=6. 2 Weight (lbs. ) rbreak after / summarize run The output is shown below in Output 17. Output 17. Multilabel Formatting HTML Output The multilabel formatting is applied only to a group or across variable. If you try to apply the MLF option to any other definition, a warning message will be produced.For example, if the group variable is changed to an order variable for the DEFINE AGE statement, the SAS log will show the following warning WARNING The MLF option is valid only with GROUP and ACROSS variables. MLF will have no effect for the variable age. If you need to create a detailed report instead of a summary report, you can change any other gr oup variable to an order variable or add an order variable. For example, using the code in this section, if the DEFINE SEX/GROUP is changed to DEFINE SEX/ORDER, a detailed report showing a row for every observation from the input data set will be produced. 16PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued DID YOU KNOW Now that you know the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT, here are some other little-known facts of interest. Did you know that PROC REPORT started out as an synergistic windowing product and the interactive window is the default environment? Are you not sure what an interactive window is? Most of us have accidentally invoked PROC REPORT code without the NOWD, NOWINDOWS, or the NOFS option and end up in an unfamiliar window. This unfamiliar window is actually the REPORT window.Here is sample PROC REPORT code that invokes the REPORT window proc report data=sashelp. class run The REPORT window i s shown in boast 1. Display 1. The REPORT Window Showing PROC REPORT Code In fact, the REPORT window can be found in different places of SAS. For example, the Report Editor under the Tools menu and the Design Report plectron under Reporting in the Solutions menu item both invoke the REPORT window. Entering TREPORT in the command line box will also invoke the REPORT WINDOW. For anyone new to PROC REPORT, using the report in the window mode is a wonderful way to quickly create an immediate report.The code can be found in the Report Statements selection located in the Tools menu from the REPORT window. For experienced PROC REPORT coders, using the REPORT window to create the code saves time typing. Make sure that the NOWD option is added to the PROC REPORT statement when you are running in an editor. As new options are added to PROC REPORT, most of them will also work in the windowing mode. The exception is with ODS. The windowing mode of PROC REPORT does not support any of the ODS f unctionality. So check it out Also, did you know that for SAS Enterprise Guide users, there is a wizard that uses PROC REPORT behind the scenes?It is called the List Report wizard. You can invoke the List Report window through the come upon selection under the Tasks menu item. The List Report wizard was designed for the user who has little to no SAS or PROC REPORT experience. Only the underlying code reveals that PROC REPORT was used behind the scenes. Display 2 shows the SAS Enterprise Guide List Report wizard. Display 2. The SAS Enterprise Guide List Report magician 17 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued CONCLUSIONSo there you have it. We have discovered the secrets behind how PROC REPORT is made by exploring a numeric variable in a COMPUTE block, the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable, and ways to move column headings, change attributes with styles, use the CA LL DEFINE statement, and explore the multilabel formatting. We dug deep into example code and even unwrapped some of the little known facts about PROC REPORT. That is all the time we have and thank you for taking part in PROC REPORT Unwrapped RECOMMENDED READING Booth, Allison McMahill. 2011. Beyond the Basics Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks Updated for SAS 9. 2. Proceedings of the SAS Global meeting place 2012 Conference. Cary, NC SAS imbed Inc. usable at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings11/246-2011. pdf. Booth, Allison McMahill. 2010. Evolve from a Carpenters Apprentice to a Master woodworker Creating a Plan for Your Reports and Avoiding Common Pitfalls in REPORT Procedure Coding. Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2010 Conference. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. obtainable at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings10/1332010. pdf.Booth, Allison McMahill. 2007. Beyond the Basics Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks. Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2007 Conference. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/rnd/papers/sgf07/sgf2007-report. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. Find Your Answer in the SAS Knowledge Base. SAS guest Support vane Site. Available at support. sas. com/resources/. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. REPORT Procedure. Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. tmp0bqogcics9o4xn17yvt2qjbgdpi. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. REPORT Procedure Windows. Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. htmp10d8v5dnafqb9n1p35e7kp9q67e. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. The REPORT Procedure Getting Started with the Basics. Technical Paper. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/ProcReportBasics. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. Using Style Elements in the REPORT and TABULATE Procedure s. Technical Paper.Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/stylesinprocs. pdf. CONTACT breeding Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged. Contact the author at Allison McMahill Booth SAS Institute Inc. SAS Campus Drive Cary, NC 27513 E-mail emailprotected com Web support. sas. com SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their individual companies. 18